Other Possible Factors

Apart from the classic biomarkers, i.e., tau protein(s) and their phosphorylated forms as well as AP peptides, several other candidate biomarkers have been tested, as recently and extensively reviewed by Frank et al. (2003). Neuronal thread proteins (NTPs) are a family of molecules expressed in the CNS. In a post mortem study, brains of AD patients expressed significant increases of NTP immunoreactivity (de la Monte and Wands, 1992). Following this finding, CSF examination for NTP revealed increased concentration of NTP which correlated tvith progression of dementia and neuronal degeneration (de la Monte et al, 1992). Sensitivity and specificity of this protein as a possible marker of AD, however, have not been determined in a large enough number of patients. 

Interestingly, significantly increased CSF concentrations of transforming growth factor (31 has been found recently in AD by two independent groups of researchers (Tarkowski et al., 2002 Zetterberg et al, 2004). 

Since there is growing evidence of the involvement of oxidative and/or nitrative cell damage in the pathogenesis of AD, factors related to lipid peroxidation have been tested as candidate AD biomarkers. Recently, Pratico et al. (Pratico et al., 2002) reported increased levels of isoprostanes (e.g., 8,12-iso-iPF2o,-VI) in body fluids of patients with AD. This finding has been further supported by the elevated levels of this factor in the body fluids of transgenic mice expressing AD amyloidosis (Pratico et al, 2001). 

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Detailed kinetic and mechanistic studies will be required to assess the relative importance of these and other possible factors in specific instances. 

In general, optical-based pH measurement techniques require relatively expensive and cumbersome instruments, and their sophisticated method cannot be easily carried out for routine assay. Interfering contact and reactions of the dye molecules, particularly considering in-vivo measurements, cannot be excluded [34], Some other possible factors, such as a weaker signal at shorter response times, complications in microfabrication, and difficulties in attaching the chemical or biological agents to the small fiber tip, are potential limitations for the application of these optical sensors to in-vivo measurements in micro environments [35]. 

Sites of cancer Major established factors Minor estabUshed risk factors Other possible factors... 

Death. There are some data to suggest that lethality may be a public health concern for persons exposed for prolonged periods of time to high levels of 1,4-dichlorobenzene in confined areas (e.g., in homes). The only available information related to the death of humans exposed to 1,4-dichlorobenzene is a case study of a 60-year-old man and his wife who both died of liver ailments after the air in their home had been found to contain increased air concentrations of 1,4-dichlorobenzene (described as saturated ) for 3-4 months (Cotter 1953). However, the exact air concentration of 1,4-dichlorobenzene was not measured or reported, nor was the existence or nature of other possible factors contributing to their deaths (e.g., pattern of alcohol consumption, exposure to other chemicals, or pre-existing medical... 

A great deal of research has been done on the effects of water content of insect food. Water, like nitrogen, appears to impose upper limits to insect growth, below which a variety of growth rates occur due to the many other possible factors (22, 28, 29 and Scriber s chapter in this volume). 

It should be noted that there may be other possible factors affecting the normal growth rate of crystal faces. 

It is for these reasons that much of the experimental work on metal tolerance has relied on laboratory tests for tolerance that seek to isolate the toxic effects of the metal from other possible factors. The most widely used technique is the root elongation test, in which the toxic effects of metals on roots are used to assess tolerance. Cuttings or tillers (for grasses) are grown in solutions containing varying concentrations of the... 

If it is suspected that an antibiotic is contributing to prolonged neuromuscular blockade, the patient should be monitored and the effect of calcium (up to 1 g of calcium chloride slowly) should be observed. If this is unsuccessful, neostigmine (maximum dose 5 mg for an adult) or edrophonium (0.5 mg/kg) can be tried, but these agents may intensify a block due to cohstin, lincomycin, or polymyxin B. If the other remedies fail, 4-aminopjTidine (maximum dose 0.3 mg/kg) can be successful. Artificial ventilation should be continued until adequate spontaneous efforts are achieved and other possible factors, such as acidosis or electrolyte disturbances, are corrected. 

The comparison of deposition chemistry variables was made with other possible factors, which might affect the interaction of biogeochemical cycles of C, N, S, and P, like the climate patterns (annual precipitation and mean temperature). There was no correlation between these climate parameters and decomposition rates. This examination shows that atmospheric deposition chemistry is the most important factor affecting litter decomposition rates and carbon-to-element ratios at study sites along the gradient. 

Environmental exposures are the most important precipitants of severe asthma exacerbations (see Table 26-1). Epidemics of severe asthma in cities have followed exposures to high concentrations of aeroallergens. Viral respiratory tract infections remain the single most significant precipitant of severe asthma in children and are an important trigger in adults as well. Other possible factors include air pollution, sinusitis, food preservatives, and drugs. 

It should be mentioned here finally that it is assumed that the rotational spectral analysis has properly accounted for centrifugal distortions in all cases and for other possible factors such as Coriolis interactions, Fermi resonances, internal rotation, etc., so that the rotational constants Ay, By and Cy of Eqs. (15) have these influences removed [16,18]. Moreover, special additional care is needed for... 

From a consideration of detailed results on the conformational equilibria of aldopentopyranose derivatives, it has been pointed out92- 9 that a more sophisticated model is required before conformational populations can be reliably predicted, at least with acylated derivatives. Even with adjustment of the original parameters in order to take revised values for the anomeric equilibrium of D-lyxopyranose tetraacetate and the conformational equilibrium of /3-D-arabinopyranose tetraacetate into account, the observed data cannot be accommodated within the framework of this model, except on a very broad, qualitative basis. Other possible factors that should be considered " include polar contributions from substituents other than that on C-1, attractive interactions between syn-diaxial acyloxy groups, non-bonded interactions between atoms that have unshared pairs of electrons,repulsive interactions between gauche-vicinal groups, the effect of solvent pressure, and differences between the molar volume of conformers. 

However, the diamine component does not determine a polymer s activity in any simple fashion. The biological activities of the diamines themselves have been measured, and there is no direct relationship between the activity of the diamine and the activity of a polymer containing that diamine. In some cases a diamine is more active than its polymer in some cases the diamine is less active than its polymer. There are numerous other factors which might influence the biological activity of a polymer, such as the rate at which the polymer is transported into the cell, the rate at which it is aquated within the cell, the rate at which it reacts with cellular macromolecules, etc. Two other possible factors which could determine biological activity are the size of the polymer and its ability to degrade into smaller molecules. 

Activation in vivo is increased by light (10). While the RuBP requirement suggests that this effect may be due to the absence of RuBP in the dark, other possible factors are the accompanying changes in redox potential (ie thioredoxin mediated activation) and phosphorylation potential (ATP/ADP regulation). The involvement of redox changes was shown to be unlikely by the observation that methyl viologen stimulates rubisco activation in contrast to its inhibitory... 

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