Other countries

Region/Country Status of legislation Inspection services 

AFRICA ASIA None Foreign certifiers/some projects to develop local capacity 

Thailand None Foreign certifiers/developing domestic 

EUROPEAN UNION REST OF EUROPE Implemented Domestic certifiers 

Turkey MIDDLE EAST None Foreign certifiers 

Radioactivated specimens of SUS304 with a known radioactivity were set in an autoclave vessel installed in a supercritical water loop system. By measuring gamma-rays emitted from the eluted material, the elution can be quantified with high sensitivity. The test conditions were from 300 to 550°C, 25 MPa and dissolved O2 concentrations were from 0 to 200 ppb [63,64]. The elution efficiency at 550 C becomes much lower than that at 300°C as shown in Fig. 8.10 [64], although the corrosion rate increases with temperature. 

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In France, Superplus represented in 1993 about 90% of the demand for unleaded gasoline which itself has attained 40% of the total sales. Remember that this is an unusual situation for Europe because in most other countries Eurosuper has the major share. 

The common ore of tin is tinstone or cassiterite. Sn02, found in Cornwall and in Germany and other countries. The price of tin has risen so sharply in recent years that previously disregarded deposits in Cornwall are now being re-examined. Tin is obtained from the tin dioxide, Sn02, by reducing it with coal in a reverbatory furnace ... 

Much of modem life revolves around the use of the decimal system of numbers, although for many purposes it is far from ideal. This system (dec = ten) takes 10 as the basic unit of operation, and we say that we are working to base 10. However, the base 10 is not the only one possible the previous British and many other countries coinage was founded on a base of 12. The meaning of a base for purposes of calculation is illustrated in Figure 42.1. 

In general, it is easier to estabUsh an aquaculture faciUty on private land than in pubHc waters such as a lake or coastal embayment. Prospective aquaculturists who want to estabUsh faciUties in pubHc waters may be confronted at pubHc hearings by outraged citizens who do not want to see an aquaculture faciUty in what they consider to be their water. The issue is highly contentious in some nations (eg, the United States). In other countries, aquaculture in pubHc waters is seen as not only a good use of natural resources, but can be considered an amenity (eg, Japan). 

The top five wheat producing countries are the former Soviet Union, the People s RepubHc of China, the United States, India, and Canada. Of these five countries, only the United States and Canada grow more wheat than they use and export to other countries. The other three nations are large wheat importers. Some of the top wheat customers of the United States have been China, India, the former Soviet Union, Japan, and Bra2il. 

A nation of one biUion people, China is traditionally regarded as a rice-eating nation. But China grows almost as much wheat as the United States and buys and uses more wheat than any other country in the world. Each person in China on the average consumes 180 lb of wheat every year, mosdy in the form of noodles. The average American eats only about 116 lb of wheat flour per year in all types of wheat-based products. Some nations have much higher per capita consumption, up to 300 lb of wheat per year per person (46—48). 

The United States was a net exporter in the 1980s except for 1984—1986 when it was a net importer. This reversal resulted from a number of conditions including the global recession, foreign relationships, new overseas capacity especially in Japan and South Africa (which in 1988 was the largest exporter to the United States), and the increase in other countries of the ratio of phenol production to acetone demand (45). 

In 1976 the United States banned the use of CFCs as aerosol propellants. No further steps were taken until 1987 when the United States and some 50 other countries adopted the Montreal Protocol, specifing a 50% reduction of fully halogenated CFCs by 1999. In 1990, an agreement was reached among 93 nations to accelerate the discontinuation of CFCs and completely eliminate production by the year 2000. The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments contain a phaseout schedule for CFCs, halons, carbon tetrachloride, and methylchloroform. Such steps should stop the iacrease of CFCs ia the atmosphere but, because of the long lifetimes, CFCs will remain ia the atmosphere for centuries. 

The same questions about the safety of organic flocculants have been raised ia other countries. The most drastic response has occurred ia Japan (7,77) and Swit2edand (77) where the use of any synthetic polymers for drinking water treatment is not permitted. Alum and PAC are the principal chemicals used ia Japan (7). Chitin, a biopolymer derived from marine animals, has been used ia Japan (80,81). Maximum allowed polymer doses have been set ia Prance and Germany (77). 

The principal producers of aluminum trifluoride in North America are Alcan, Alcoa, and AUiedSignal. It is also produced in other countries, eg, France, Mexico, Norway, Italy, Tunisia, and Japan. Total worldwide production of aluminum trifluoride in 1990 was 400,000 metric tons and the price was 1100/t. In 1993, because of excess recovery of fluorine values, use of energy efficient smelters, and the worldwide economic climate, the price was down to 750/t. 

There were very high U.S. exports in 1991. However, this number reflects material imported iato U.S. foreign trade 2ones and then transhipped to other countries. 

Full details of this work were pubHshed (6) and the processes, or variants of them, were introduced in a number of other countries. In the United States, the pharmaceutical industry continued to provide manufacturing sites, treating plasma fractionation as a normal commercial activity. In many other countries processing was undertaken by the Red Cross or blood transfusion services that emerged following Wodd War II. In these organisations plasma fractionation was part of a larger operation to provide whole blood, blood components, and speciaUst medical services on a national basis. These different approaches resulted in the development of two distinct sectors in the plasma fractionation industry ie, a commercial or for-profit sector based on paid donors and a noncommercial or not-for-profit sector based on unpaid donors. 

Natural Gas Upgrading via Fischer-Tropsch. In the United States, as in other countries, scarcities from World War II revived interest in the synthesis of fuel substances. A study of the economics of Fischer synthesis led to the conclusion that the large-scale production of gasoline from natural gas offered hope for commercial utiHty. In the Hydrocol process (Hydrocarbon Research, Inc.) natural gas was treated with high purity oxygen to produce the synthesis gas which was converted in fluidized beds of kon catalysts (42). 

Inabenfide. [4-Chloro-2-(a-hydroxybenzyl)]-isonicotonanilide) [82211 -24-3] (Inabenfide) (32) is not for use in the United States, but is used in other countries to inhibit the growth of rice plants. The compound is appHed to the soil 40—60 days prior to the heading up of plants, where it is absorbed through the roots and translocated throughout the stem. It inhibits the elongation of the lower intemodes and this stops lodging. It is extremely toxic to fish. 

Fluid type United States Other countries... 

Table 11. 1991 Tartaric/Tartrate U.S. Imports From Other Countries ...

The world ink industry had total sales estimated to be about 10.5 biUion in 1992. The United States had about 32% (by weight) of world sales with the remaining portion spHt between Asia and Europe/Africa. Japan has about 22% market share, Germany has 10%, and the U.K., Italy, and Erance each have 5%. The remaining share is spHt among many other countries. 

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