Other Copper-Resistance Systems

Many microbes that thrive in environments contaminated with copper contain plasmid-borne copper-resistance systems. Such plasmid-borne 

copper homeostasis is a research area of intense interest and work in this field has recently uncovered several surprising new concepts of trace metal homeostasis, and more are likely to emerge. The molecular defects in the inherited disorders of copper metabohsm, Menkes disease 

Part of the work described here was supported by Grant 32-56716.99 from the Swiss National Foundation and by a grant from the International Copper Association. 

Lebrun, M., Loulergue, J., Chaslus Danda, E., and Audurier, A. (1992). Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 58, 3183-3186. 

Suzuki, E., Kuwahara Arai, K., Richardson, J. F., and Hiramatsu, K. (1993). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37, 1219-1226. 

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Injection of additives is the common method for investigating the mechanism of chemical reactions. It was found that of high effectiveness is the mixture stabilization by the triple system of copper compound, phenol antioxidant and phosphite in polyalkanimide, polyphthalamide and other heat-resistant polymers. The idea of such mixture is based on the action mechanism of such additives ... 

Although transformers suitable for other industrial installations are generally suitable for producing applications, certain options may be desirable— primarily due to environmental considerations. At locations subject to harsh environmental conditions, and particularly at locations subject to washdown with high-pressure hoses, non-ventilated enclosures are desirable, if not necessary. Likewise, at locations subjected to salt water and salt-laden air, it often is desirable to specify copper windings and lead wires. Most manufacturers provide standard units with aluminum windings and lead wires. Even if aluminum coils are used, it is almost always desirable to require stranded copper lead wires. This will lessen corrosion and loose terminal problems when transformers arc interconnected to the facility electrical system with copper conductors. If the transformers are to be installed outdoors in corrosive environments, cases should be of corrosion-resistant material (e.g., stainless steel) or be provided with an exterior coating suitable for the location. 

Section 13.7). There are other systems (benzotriazole brighteners in copper, aldehyde-amine brighteners in tin) which enhance corrosion resistance. 

Today boiler vessels are usually fabricated from special boiler plate and firebox steels of varying thickness, while their auxiliaries (supplementary equipment) and appurtenances (boiler accessories and instruments, especially those employed for safety reasons) may be produced from any of several different constructional metals, alloys, and other materials, including cast iron, copper alloys, stainless steels, and so forth. Tubes and tube plates may be variously constructed of carbon steel, low-alloy steels, or special alloy steels, with each design providing for particular required levels of thermal and mechanical stress and corrosion resistance. The overall boiler plant system may have a life expectancy in excess of 50 to 60 years, although individual components may need to be replaced periodically during this period. 

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