Homeostasis, trace metal

Today, copper homeostasis is a research area of intense interest and work in this field has recently uncovered several surprising new concepts of trace metal homeostasis, and more are likely to emerge. The molecular defects in the inherited disorders of copper metabohsm, Menkes disease... 

Zaloga GP, Teres D. The safety and efficacy of propofol containing EDTA a randomised clinical trial programme focusing on cation and trace metal homeostasis in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 2000 26(Suppl 4) S398-9. 

Metallothionein, metal-binding proteins and phytochelatins (see Gagne and Blaise, Chapter 7 of this volume). Metallothioneins are low molecular weight, cysteine-rich proteins with a high affinity for transition metals. After they were first discovered in the kidney cortex of the horse they have been detected in a variety of animal species. It is widely accepted that metallothioneins are multifunctional proteins primarily involved in the homeostasis of essential trace metals, zinc-mediated gene regulation, and in the protection of cells against oxidative... 

SchroederHA,BalassaJJ, Tipton IH. 1966. Essential trace metals in man Manganese. A study in homeostasis. J ChronDis 19 545-571. 

Copper Hemocyanrn/Tyrosinase Models Copper Proteins with Dinuclear Active Sites Copper Proteins with Type 1 Sites Copper Proteins with Type 2 Sites Cytochrome Oxidase Electron Transfer Reactions Theory Long-range Electron Transfer in Biology Metal Ion Toxicity Metal-related Diseases of Genetic Origin Metallochaperones Metal Ion Homeostasis Nutritional Aspects of Metals Trace Elements. 

Ion homeostasis was undoubtedly one of the earliest attributes of living cells. The maintenance of optimal concentrations of catalytic ions and ionic osmolytes is essential for the conduct of metabolism. Cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, must be especially selective with regard to transition metal ions that cross the cell membranes. Not only must cells accumulate essential metal ions and exclude toxic ions, but they must also limit the influx or stimulate the efflux of essential metal ions so that these ions do not reach toxic levels. Both copper and iron, for example, are essential trace cations that can cause cellular damage if the internal cellular concentration of either cation is too high, or if the storage of these cations becomes deranged. 

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