Source beds origin

The exact origin of petroleum is not known, but scienrifie opinion is in favor of origin from the transformation of plant, animal, and marine organisms after marine deposition within finely divided muds. Consensus holds that, after bring formed, petroleum was transferred from its source beds to the rock strata where it is now found. 

The proportionality hP- or wocM"" " does, however, provide a simple criterion for ranking the sealing quality of any two clay smears that originate from distinct source beds with thicknesses /i, and hi, respectively. In particular, in instances where two source beds form a layered clay smear within a given throw interval, the total contribution from these source beds to the smear would be ranked below the contribution from a single source bed of thickness h H- hi, simply because w (hi + hi ) in the former case while woe h +hi in the latter. 

Oil that has been discovered and produced from the Pennsylvanian Tensleep Sandstone (fig 11), the probable Lower Permian part of the Weber Sandstone in northwestern Colorado, and the middle Permian Park City Formation in central Wyoming probably has been derived from the Phosphoria Formation. Oil in the Lower Permian upper member of the Minnelusa Formation in northeastern Wyoming may have migrated into these reservoirs from the Phosphoria source beds, but carbonaceous beds in the middle member of the Minnelusa are a more likely source Cheney and Sheldon (33) speculated that petroleum originated in the organic-carbon-rich shale beds of the Phosphoria Formation and that the oil... 

Mineral matter in coal (Chapter 7) is often classified as inherent mineral matter or as extraneous mineral matter. The inherent mineral matter is the inorganic material that originated as part of the plant material that formed the organic debris in the source bed. On the other hand, extraneous mineral matter is that inorganic material which was brought into the coal-forming deposit by various means from external sources. 

By far the most important ores of iron come from Precambrian banded iron formations (BIF), which are essentially chemical sediments of alternating siliceous and iron-rich bands. The most notable occurrences are those at Hamersley in Australia, Lake Superior in USA and Canada, Transvaal in South Africa, and Bihar and Karnataka in India. The important manganese deposits of the world are associated with sedimentary deposits the manganese nodules on the ocean floor are also chemically precipitated from solutions. Phosphorites, the main source of phosphates, are special types of sedimentary deposits formed under marine conditions. Bedded iron sulfide deposits are formed by sulfate reducing bacteria in sedimentary environments. Similarly uranium-vanadium in sandstone-type uranium deposits and stratiform lead and zinc concentrations associated with carbonate rocks owe their origin to syngenetic chemical precipitation. 

It is estimated that the dust in animal houses originates mainly from the feed (15), (16), (17), the bedding material (18), (19), the manure (20) and the animals themselves (21), (22). Relevant values are rare. Table I shows that feed and bedding, when used, are the predominant sources of dust in pig and hen houses. 

In the original parfait system, the silica gel created problems by acting as a weak cation exchanger and by leaching silicic acid to the anion-exchange bed and into the final effluent. These silicate residues interfered with the recovery of compounds from these sources. 

It should be noted that melting takes place along most of the extruder. Indeed, the production capacity of plasticating extruders is frequently determined by their plasticating capacity. Further visual analysis of the experimental results reveals a tendency of the melt pool to penetrate under the solid bed and, occasionally, to completely surround it the continuity of the solid bed is frequently broken and a melt filled gap appears (e.g., turn 15.5, Fig. 9.23). This tendency for solid bed breakup seems to originate in the tapered sections of the extruder, and it appears to be a source of surging (i.e., fluctuation in time of temperature, pressure, and flow rate) of the extmdate at the die, as well as a source of entrapping some air bubbles into the melt stream. 

Electron microscopic examination of catalyst materials, particularly those containing natural components, permits the identification of their origin. For example, carbons utilized as supports for precious metals in a wide variety of slurry-phase and fixed-bed reactions can be derived from a large number of naturally occurring sources (Fig. 8). The shape, morphology, and composition are useful properties for determining their origin. 

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