Origin in coal

Then, as suddenly as it had appeared, mauve mania was over and the elegant world whirled on to a new color. A magnificent red never seen before in dyes, the French hue was variously named fuchsia for the flower blossom and magenta for a northern Italian town where the Emperor Napoleon III had defeated Austria that summer. Like Perkin s mauve, magenta was a wildly popular synthetic dye with humble origins in coal tar, that is, in aniline and other similar compounds. 

Coal-fired power plants are well-known sources of SO2, NO2, heavy metals and other elements (Fig. 1). Lichens applied as monitors near coal-fired power stations in Portugal were found to accumulate heavy metals such as Fe, Co, Cr, and Sb, originating in coal and ash particles drifting through the air and positioned on the thallus (Freitas, 1994). 

Partial Oxidation. It is often desirable to augment the supply of naturally occurring or by-product gaseous fuels or to produce gaseous fuels of well-defined composition and combustion characteristics (5). This is particularly tme in areas where the refinery fuel (natural gas) is in poor supply and/or where the manufacture of fuel gases, originally from coal and more recently from petroleum, has become well estabHshed. 

The modern natural-gas industry has its origins in the nineteenth centuiy as urban gas works that distributed synthesis gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon dioxide made by the incomplete combustion of coal, oil, or organic wastes in the presence of steam). Gas works illuminated London streets even before 1800, and subsequently... 

About 8(1 percent of the electric energy used in the United States is derived from stored energy in coal. The stored energy has its origin in photosynthesis. Coal is the end product of the accumulation of plant matter in an oxygen-deficient environment where burning is thwarted. Formation takes millions of years. Proven reseiwes of coal in the United States are upwards of 500 billion tons, a reserve so great that even if coal continues to be burned at a rate of over one billion tons per year, the reserves will last for hundreds of years. 

Phenol (C5H5OH) or carboUc acid is an aromatic hydrocarbon derived originally from coal tar, but prepared synthetically in a process that utilizes monochlorobenzene as a starting point. Ninety-eight percent phenol appears as transparent crystals, while liquefied phenol consists of 88% USP solution of phenol in water. 

The catalytic gas detector was originally developed in 1958 for the mining industry. It has become the standard means of detection worldwide in virtually all oil and gas operations. It is also used extensively in coal extraction and the chemical process industry. 

It is assumed that components of the volatilized material represent the coal mobile phase i.e., free molecules originally present in coal as well as fragments that were cleaved from macromolecules by thermal and induced scission of single bonds. 

The hypothesis that coals can be considered to consist of two component phases has its origins in observations of coal behaviour as well as deriving from the analysis of coals and attempts to define their structure. The results of extensive studies of untreated, preheated and hydrogenated coals, using analytical and microscopic techniques, have allowed some insight into the association between the so-called mobile phase and macromolecular network, and have provided information upon differences in their chemical properties. 

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