Derivatives aromatic hydrocarbons

Phenol (C5H5OH) or carboUc acid is an aromatic hydrocarbon derived originally from coal tar, but prepared synthetically in a process that utilizes monochlorobenzene as a starting point. Ninety-eight percent phenol appears as transparent crystals, while liquefied phenol consists of 88% USP solution of phenol in water. 

Aromatic hydrocarbons are unsaturated cyclic compounds that are resistant to addition reactions. The aromatic hydrocarbons derive their name from the distinctive odors they exhibited when discovered. Benzene is the most important aromatic compound. Because many other aromatic compounds are derived from benzene, it can be considered the parent of other aromatic compounds. Benzene molecular formula is... 

Collins, J. F J. P. Brown, G. V. Alexeeff, and A. G. Salmon, Potency Equivalency Factors for Some Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Derivatives, Regulat. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 28, 45-54 (1998). 

Schuetzle, D T. E. Jensen, and J. C. Ball, Polar Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon Derivatives in Extracts of Particulates Biological Characterization and Techniques for Chemical Analysis, Enriron. Int., 11, 169-181 (1985). 

The reason that one-electron oxidation is suggested as playing a central role in the metabolic activation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons derives from certain features of the radical cations that are common to the most potent carcinogens of the family ... 

In the case of aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives, the dataset used was fluorene, acenaphthene, and phenanthrene ... 

Hoke, S. H., Molstad, J., Payne, G. L., Kahr, B., Ben-Amotz, D. Cooks, R. G. 1991 Aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives of fullerenes. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrosc. 5, 472-474. 

Collins JF, Brown JP, Alexeef GV, Salmon AG. 1998. Potency equivalency factors for some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives. Reg Toxicol Pharmacol 28 45-54. 

It appears that there is a very good quantitative agreement between the lengths calculated theoretically in this way from the curve and the experimental values for many aromatic hydrocarbons, derived from accurate crystal structure determinations (see Table 24). 

In the usage of organometallic chemistry the term metal alkyl designates both aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives of the metal, and it is so used here. The simple alkyls of silicon therefore comprise all of the compounds of the type SiR4, where R is any hydrocarbon radical. 

Jet fuels are aviation fuels used mainly by the United States and other North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) nations for military establishments. Other fuels called Jet A and Jet A-1 are closely related fuels used by commercial airlines. JP are a complex mixture of primarily aliphatic (but also aromatic) hydrocarbons, derived from crude oil and/or kerosene by refining and adding various other additives such as fuel icing inhibitors, antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, metal deactivators, and static dissipaters. Gas chromatographic analysis of JP-8, the most recent JP, indicates that it is made up of complex mixture of 9 to 17 different hydrocarbons, including thousands of isomers and three to six performance additives. They are generally colorless liquids and smell like kerosene. 

Aniline is also able to form hydrogen bonds with inorganic substances. X-ray or neutron diffraction techniques which were applied on absorption products of aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives (benzene, xylenes, mesitylene, aniline, m-nitroaniline, m-dinitrobenzene) and synthetic zeolites Y indicate that the preferred adsorption sites depend on the formation of hydrogen bonds between the organic partner and the framework oxygen164. 

Partly as a result of epidemiological evidence it is now generally accepted that the majority of human cancers result from exposure to environmental carcinogens these include both natural and man-made chemicals, radiation and viruses. This concept follows on from many observations and work in the early part of the century which showed that coal tar, and then the aromatic hydrocarbons derived from it, could induce skin cancer in animals. Indeed, the relationship between such substances and cancer was suggested as early as the 18th century, when in 1775 Sir Percival Pott related scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps to exposure to soot and coal tar. 

Kuusimaki, L., Peltonen, Y., Kyyro, E., Mutanen, P., Peltonen, K., and Savela, K., Exposure of garbage truck drivers and maintenance personnel at a waste handhng center to polycychc aromatic hydrocarbons derived from diesel exhaust, J. Environ. Monit, 4, 722-727, 2002. 

Benzaldehyde takes part in a number of important condensations. When shaken with concentrated sulphuric acid and aromatic hydrocarbons, derivatives of triphenylmethane are formed —... 

Aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives which were quite effective as inhibitors are chlorobenzene and diphenyl ether. 

General name for the blue to violet aromatic hydrocarbons derived from bicyclo[5.3.0]decapentaene (azu-lene, C oHg, Mr 128.17, mp. 99°C, blue needles). 

A variety of biochemical pathways are known which may lead to reactive quinoid derivatives. They include dihydroxylation of aromatic or heterocyclic compounds and epoxide formation and hydrolysis to -diphenolic compounds (Booth and Boyland 1957) o- and p-hydroxylations of phenols or arylamines (In-SCOE et al. 1965 Miller et al. 1960 Booth and Boyland 1957) and rearrangement of -hydroxyarylamines to o-aminophenols (Miller and Miller 1960). It now appears that aromatic hydroxylations proceed via highly reactive arene oxides, i.e., compounds in which a formal aromatic double bond has undergone epoxidation. Depending on the compound, arene oxides may give rise to other electrophilic reactive species, including quinoid structures, but react as such readily with nucleophiles and thus provide a basis for understanding covalent attachment of aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives to protein and nucleic acids (Jerina and Daly 1974). 

Coal tar hydrocarbons n. Aromatic hydrocarbons derived from coal tar, including benzene, toluene, xylene, naphtha, etc. 

Naphthas naf-thos [L, fr. Gk, of Iranian origin, akin to Persian ne/t naphtha] (1572) n. Aromatic hydrocarbons derived from coal tar, although the term petroleum naphtha is sometimes used for petroleum spirits of substantially aliphatic type. The coal tar naphthas are the distillation fractions, which contain a complex mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons, including xylenes. Generally refers to hydrocarbon solvents, both aromatic and aliphatic. Hi-flash naphtha is an example of the former and VM P naphtha an example of the latter. 

The name aromatic in aromatic hydrocarbons derives from the aromatic odors of many derivatives of these hydrocarbons, including the aldehydes shown here. 

A number of aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives have been used as fluorophores, but probably the most widely used analogue is pyrene. Pyrene exhibits a strong fluorescent emission band, but when paired with another fluorophore, such as pyrene itself, it exhibits excimer fluorescence. Various applications have indeed used this monomer to dimer fluorescence... 

Molecular Brpnsted acids have been studied widely in a variety of liquid media following the pioneering work of R. J. Gillespie and his school. Fluorine-containing acids are used widely and provide some of the strongest Brpnsted acids known. Quantitatively, acidity is measiued by determination of the Hammett acidity function. Ho (X). There are several spectroscopically based methods for its determination, making use of series of aromatic hydrocarbon derivative weak bases, B, which are partially protonated in solution. ... 

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