Organized Reserves

Water soluble vitamins are generally not stored in the body, or are stored only for a limited time and the excess is excreted in the urine. Lipophilic vitamins are stored mainly in the Hver. The reserve capacity, defined as the time during which the need for the vitamin is covered by the organism reserves, is the longest for corrinoids (3-5 years) and vitamin A (1-2 years). The reserve capacity for folacin is 3-4 months, for vitamins C, D, E and K, riboflavin, pyridoxine and niacin it is 2-6 weeks, and for thiamine, pantothenic acid and biotin it is only 4-10 days. Reserve capacity is affected by the history of vitamin intake, the metabolic need for the vitamin and the health status of the individual. 

AYANABA A., TUCKWELL S.B. and JENKINSON D.S. 1976. The effects of clearing and cropping on the organic reserves and biomass of tropical forest soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 519-525. 

Regular Army-70 (includes 9 CWS officers) National Guard l9 Organized Reserve -15 (includes 11 CWS officers) Marine Corps-lO Navy-91. 

Another objective of the procurement and supply program in the CWS was to fill the peacetime requirements of the Regular Army, the National Guard, the Organized Reserves, and, upon request, the Navy. The gas mask was the principal item of issue, although some munitions such as grenades and nontoxic drop bombs were manufactured and issued chiefly for training purposes. ... 

We have started a cycle of research which include breeding in aseptic culture, adapting the plants in greenhouses, then in the open field and repatriation, in other words transport into specially organized reserves in order to restore extinguished local populations and creating new ones. 

The Soda- lime Test. Certain classes of nitrogenous organic compounds (e.g., amides, etc.) evolve ammonia when heated with soda-lime. In view of the limited application of this test, however, it may well be reserved for Section 3, where it is included with other compounds reacting with soda-lime. 

The analyses which follow are arranged in the order in which they would be applied to a newly discovered substance, the estimation of the elements present and molecular weight deter-minations(f.e., determination of empirical and molecular formulae respectively) coming first, then the estimation of particular groups in the molecule, and finally the estimation of special classes of organic compounds. It should be noted, however, that this systematic order differs considerably from the order of experimental difficulty of the individual analyses. Consequently many of the later macro-analyses, such as the estimation of hydroxyl groups, acetyl groups, urea, etc. may well be undertaken by elementary students, while the earlier analyses, such as estimation of elements present in the molecule, should be reserved for more senior students. 

Although reservations have been expressed concerning VSEPR as an explanation for molecular geometries it re mains a useful too/for pre dieting the shapes of organic compounds... 

All these polyesters are produced by bacteria in some stressed conditions in which they are deprived of some essential component for thek normal metabohc processes. Under normal conditions of balanced growth the bacteria utilizes any substrate for energy and growth, whereas under stressed conditions bacteria utilize any suitable substrate to produce polyesters as reserve material. When the bacteria can no longer subsist on the organic substrate as a result of depletion, they consume the reserve for energy and food for survival or upon removal of the stress, the reserve is consumed and normal activities resumed. This cycle is utilized to produce the polymers which are harvested at maximum cell yield. This process has been treated in more detail in a paper (71) on the mechanism of biosynthesis of poly(hydroxyaIkanoate)s. 

In several cases, such as shellfish areas and aquatic reserves, the usual water quaUty parameters do not apply because they are nonspecific as to detrimental effects on aquatic life. Eor example, COD is an overall measure of organic content, but it does not differentiate between toxic and nontoxic organics. In these cases, a species diversity index has been employed as related to either free-floating or benthic organisms. The index indicates the overall condition to the aquatic environment. It is related to the number of species in the sample. The higher the species diversity index, the more productive the aquatic system. The species diversity index is computed by the equation K- = (S — 1)/logjg I, where S is the number of species and /the total number of individual organisms counted. 

Extractives and Ash. The amount of extractives in wood varies from 5 to 20% by weight and includes a wide variety of organic chemicals (11). Many of these function as intermediates in tree metaboUsm as energy reserves or participate in the tree s defense mechanism against microbiological attack. The extractives contribute to wood properties such as color, odor, and decay resistance. 

It has been estimated that >90% of the carbohydrate mass in nature is in the form of polysaccharides. In living organisms, carbohydrates play important roles. In terms of mass, the greatest amounts by far are stmctural components and food reserve materials, in that order and both in plants. However, carbohydrate molecules also serve as stmctural and energy storage substances in animals and serve a variety of other essential roles in both plants and animals. 

A large reserve of caUche ore bearing iodine is being processed in the Atacama Desert. Production of iodine there is relatively inexpensive. About 40% of the world supply of iodine is made from these Chilean deposits. The process consists of leaching the caUche with water. Brine is stripped of iodine using an organic solvent. The iodine is then removed from the solvent to form a slurry. SoHd-phase iodine is separated from the slurry in conventional flotation cells, dried, and packaged. Details of the process are proprietary. 

Groundwater Industrial contamination of ground water reserves Reduction of total organic halogens (TOX) and adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) including chloroform, tetrachloroethylene, and trichloroethylene... 

Storage polysaccharides are an important carbohydrate form in plants and animals. It seems likely that organisms store carbohydrates in the form of polysaccharides rather than as monosaccharides to lower the osmotic pressure of the sugar reserves. Because osmotic pressures depend only on numbers of molecules, the osmotic pressure is greatly reduced by formation of a few polysaccharide molecules out of thousands (or even millions) of monosaccharide units. 

One needs to interpret product data from preparative organic reactions with a great deal of reservation (cf. Section III,B,1 and... 

Since methane is almost always a byproduct of organic decay, it is not surprising that vast potential reserves of methane have been found trapped in ocean floor sediments. Methane forms continually by tiny bacteria breaking down the remains of sea life. In the early 197Qs it was discovered that this methane can dissolve under the enormous pressure and cold temperatures found at the ocean bottom. It becomes locked in a cage of water molecules to form a methane hydrate (methane weakly combined chemically with water). This "stored" methane is a resource often extending hundreds of meters down from the sea floor. 

Light organics volatilized from exempt wastes in reserve pits, impoundments, or production equipment... 

Coal is a natural combustible rock composed of an organic heterogeneous substance contaminated with variable amounts of inorganic compounds. Most coal reserves are concentrated in North America, Europe, and China. 

These are generally reserved for specialist applications, and are in the main more costly than conventional soap-based greases. The most common substances used as nonsoap thickeners are silica and clays prepared in such a way that they form gels with mineral and synthetic oils. Other materials that have been used are carbon black, metal oxides and various organic compounds. 

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