Organic solvents flash points

Tetrahydronaphthalene [119-64-2] (Tetralin) is a water-white Hquid that is insoluble in water, slightly soluble in methyl alcohol, and completely soluble in other monohydric alcohols, ethyl ether, and most other organic solvents. It is a powerhil solvent for oils, resins, waxes, mbber, asphalt, and aromatic hydrocarbons, eg, naphthalene and anthracene. Its high flash point and low vapor pressure make it usehil in the manufacture of paints, lacquers, and varnishes for cleaning printing ink from rollers and type in the manufacture of shoe creams and floor waxes as a solvent in the textile industry and for the removal of naphthalene deposits in gas-distribution systems (25). The commercial product typically has a tetrahydronaphthalene content of >97 wt%, with some decahydronaphthalene and naphthalene as the principal impurities. 

Benzyl chloride [(chloromethyl)henzene, a-chlorotoluene], CgH CH2Cl, is a colorless Hquid with a very pungent odor. Its vapors are irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes, and it is classified as a powerfljl lacrimator. The physical properties of pure benzyl chloride are given in Table 2 (2—7). Benzyl chloride is insoluble in cold water, but decomposes slowly in hot water to benzyl alcohol. It is miscible in all proportions at room temperature with most organic solvents. The flash point of benzyl chloride is 67°C (closed cup) 74°C (open cup) autoignition temperature is 585°C lower flammability limit 1.1% by volume in air. Its volume coefficient of expansion is 9.72 x. ... 

Benzotricbloride [(tricblorometbyl)benzene, a,a,a-trichlorotoluene, phenylchloroform], C H CCl, is a colorless, oily Hquid with a pungent odor. It is soluble in most organic solvents, but it reacts with water and alcohol. For ben zotricbl oride the flash point is 127°C (Cleveland open cup) and the autoignition temperature is 211°C (8). 

Less volatile solvents with a higher flash point, used for agricultural formulations (Catanach and Hampton, 1992). In many cases, aqueous or dry flowable formulations for agricultural chemicals may be used instead of organic formulations... 

H. T. Kohlbrand, Case History of a Deflagration Involving an Organic Solvent/Oxygen System Below its Flash Point, Paper presented at AlChE Loss Prevention Symposium, San Diego, Aug. 1990. 

Preferably, the new solvents are also expected to possess better stability or ability in interfacial chemistry on both anode and cathode materials so that the new electrolyte formulation can rely less on EC or they are expected to be less inflammable, as a major shortcoming of the linear carbonates is their low flash points (Tf) (Table 1). In the search for new solvents, fluorination has been adopted as a favorable approach to achieve improvements in these two aspects because the presence of C—F bonds in organic molecules is found to affect interfacial chemistry on carbonaceous anodes in a positive manner,and... 

Table 8.10. Organic solvents (molar mass, specific gravity, boiling point, melting point, flash point)...

When more organic solvent power is needed, nonazeotropic mixtures of PFCs and HCs are also available. They are formulated to take advantage of the inerting ability of the PFCs and therefore do not have flash points. Although most hydrocarbons do not exhibit appreciable solubility in PFCs, numerous useful PFC/HC combinations do exist. Some PFC/HC mixtures exhibit complete miscibility and are thus limited only by flash points and flammability. To develop a mixture, the HC solvent(s) can be selected to provide the required solvency properties and substrate compatibility, then an appropriate PFC inerting solvent can be selected. Table 6.6 lists PFC/HC mixtures that have no flash point at the indicated concentrations. Some of these mixtures, or their recipes, are being offered on an experimental basis for evaluation purposes. 

Allyl alcohol (2-propen-l-ol, CH2=CHCH2OH, boiling point 96.9°, density 0.8520, flash point 25°C) is the simplest unsaturated alcohol and is a colorless corrosive liquid with a pungent odor. The vapor can cause severe irritation and injury to eyes, nose, throat, and lungs. Allyl alcohol is miscible with water and miscible with many polar organic solvents and aromatic hydrocarbons, but is not miscible with //-hexane. It forms an azeotropic mixture with water and a ternary azeotropic mixture with water and organic solvents. 

Naphthalene (melting point 80.3°C, density 1.175, flash point 79°C) is very slightly soluble in water but is appreciably soluble in many organic solvents such as 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin), phenols, ethers, carbon disulfide, chloroform, benzene, coal-tar naphtha, carbon tetrachloride, acetone, and decahydronaphthalene (decalin). 

The principal commercial vinyl ethers are methyl vinyl ether (methoxyethene, boiling point 5.5°C, density 0.7311, flash point -56°C) ethyl vinyl ether (ethoxyethene, boiling point 35.7°C, density 0.7541, flash point -18°C) and butyl vinyl ether (1-ethenyloxybutane, boiling point 93.5°C, density 0.7792, flash point -1°C). Others such as the isopropyl, iso-butyl, hydroxybutyl, decyl, hexadecyl, and octadecyl ethers, as well as the divinyl ethers of butanediol vinyl ethers are miscible with nearly all organic solvents. 

Tetrabutoxytitanium is a transparent light yellow liquid (the boiling point is 179-186 °C at 13.3 GPa, the flash point is 40 °C). It can be easily dissolved in most organic solvents. 

Most resinous materials used in epoxy adhesive are organic and will bum when sufficient heat and oxygen are supplied. A common measure of the flammability is the flash point temperature. This value indicates the minimum temperature at which flammable conditions are produced in controlled laboratory experiment at atmospheric pressure. Solvents, diluents, and other materials used with epoxy resins commonly increase the hazard of flammability and/or explosion. 

A flammable chemical substance is a solid, liquid, vapor, or gas that ignites easily and burns rapidly in air. Many of the flammable chemicals used in laboratories are flammable liquids and organic solvents. The vapors of these chemical substances form ignitable mixtures with air. Based on the flash points of these chemicals, classifications are made. The flash point of a chemical substance is defined as the lowest temperature at which a fuel-air mixture present above the surface of a liquid will ignite, if an ignition source is present. The common flammable chemical substances include, but are not restricted to, acetone, benzene, cyclohexane, ethanol, ethyl acetate, ethyl ether, gasoline, hexane, isopropyl alcohol, methanol, propanol, tetrahydro-furan and toluene, and xylene. 

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