Organic hypochlorites

Physical Properties. Data on physical properties of organic hypochlorites is limited. Some boiling points and densities of alkyl hypochlorites have been pubUshed as well as data on viscosity (259), uv spectra (8) and partition coefficients between CCl and water (260). The Hquid-phase equiUbria for... 

Both inorganic and organic hypochlorites may be used for the oxidation of sulphoxides. The cheapest method involves the use of a commercial bleach, such as Chlorox . Such a method is indeed successful for unsaturated sulphoxides such as allyl methyl sulphoxide although the yields are generally low. Other sulphoxides may also be oxidized by this method, for example, dimethyl sulphoxide gave bis(trichloromethyl) sulphone in low yield . In some cases bis(dichloromethyl) sulphone was also isolated in very low yield. This oxidation procedure is also commonly used by organosulphur chemists for the removal of unwanted odours, caused by sulphoxides (and sulphides), from dirty glassware. 

Hypochlorites. The combination of the hypochlorite ion with a metallic ion or organic radical is called a hypochlorite. The inorganic compounds are called salts, while organic hypochlorites are esters... 

There has been interest in the photolysis of organic hypochlorites as a source of alkoxyl radicals and as useful intermediates in synthetic work . The hypochlorites show absorption at A 2500-2600 A and at 3000-3200 A. In their rearrangement reactions it is probably the longer wavelength region which is of importance. t-Butyl hypochlorite decomposes in sunlight to methyl chloride and acetone, and a chain mechanism has been proposed for the decomposition... 

H2O2 + X 2HOX (X = Cl, Br, SCN) Phagocytosis in neutrophils, monocytes. Note phosphines react with organic hypochlorites ... 

A solution of 2-aminobenzophenone (98 g, 0.50 mol) and methyl 2-(methyl-thio)propanoate (74 g, 0,50 mol) in CH Clj (21) was cooled to —70 C and 95% 7-butyl hypochlorite (56 g, 0.5 mol) was added dropwise at such a rate that the temperature did not rise above — 65 C. One hour after the addition was complete, EtjN was added and the mixture was allowed to come to room temperature. The solution w as mixed with 3 N HCl (800 ml) and stirred for 1 h. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na2S04 ) and filtered. The solution was evaporated in vacuo and the residue triturated with ether. Filtration gave the 3-(methylthio)oxindole intermediate (92 g) in 62% yield. 

Hypochlorites, salts of Urea, amines, anthracene, carbon, carbon tetrachloride, ethanol, glycerol, mercaptans, organic sulfides, sulfur, thiols... 

When the mercury present in the atmosphere is primarily in the form of an organic mercury compound, it may be preferable to utilise an aqueous scmbber. This method is particularly useful for control of emissions from reactors and from dryers. For efficient and economical operation, an aqueous solution of caustic soda, sodium hypochlorite, or sodium sulfide is reckculated through the scmbber until the solution is saturated with the mercury compound. 

Disinfection destroys pathogenic organisms. This procedure can render an object safe for use. Disinfectants include solutions of hypochlorites, tinctures of iodine or iodophores, phenoHc derivatives, quaternary ammonium salts, ethyl alcohol, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and hydrogen peroxide (see Disinfectants AND antiseptics). Effective use of disinfected materials must be judged by properly trained personnel. 

Chemical Treatment. Some organic compounds are attacked by chemical reagents such as potassium permanganate, sodium hydroxide, calcium hypochlorite, and o2one (29,30). 

Calcium Hypochlorite. High assay calcium hypochlorite [7778-54-3] was first commercialized in the United States in 1928 by Mathieson Alkali Works, Inc. (now Olin Corp.) under the trade name HTH. It is now produced by two additional manufacturers in North America (Table 5). Historically, it usually contained about 1% water and 70—74% av CI2, so-called anhydrous product, but in 1970, a hydrated product was introduced (234). It is similar in composition to anhydrous Ca(OCl)2 except for its higher water content of about 6—12% and a slightly lower available chlorine content. This product has improved resistance to accidental initiation of self-sustained decomposition by a Ht match, a Ht cigarette, or a small amount of organic contamination. U.S. production in the 1990s consists primarily of partially hydrated Ca(OCl)2, which is sold as a 65% av CI2 product mainly for swimming pool use. Calcium hypochlorite is also sold as a 50% av CI2 product as a sanitizer used by dairy and food industries and in the home, and as a 32% product for mildew control. 

Halazone, W,A/-dichloro-7 -carboxybenzenesulfonamide [80-13-7] is suitable for the decontamination of water, as is also succinchlorimide, /V-ch1orosuccinimide [128-09-6] which is a white crystalline compound having a chlorine odor. Succinchlorimide is strongly bactericidal when compared to hypochlorites, and is less affected by organic matter than halazone. However, it is inferior to hypochlorites as a cysticide (29). Chloroazodin, also known as azochloramide and W,A/-dichloro-azodicarbonamidine [502-98-7] is claimed to be relatively nontoxic to tissue. AppHed to a wound it acts as a mild and slow oxidant (30). 

Available Chlorine Test. The chlorine germicidal equivalent concentration test is a practical-type test. It is called a capacity test. Under practical conditions of use, a container of disinfectant might receive many soiled, contaminated instniments or other items to be disinfected. Eventually, the capacity of the disinfectant to serve its function would be overloaded due to reaction with the accumulated organic matter and organisms. The chlorine germicidal equivalent concentration test compares the load of a culture of bacteria that a concentration of a disinfectant will absorb and still kill bacteria, as compared to standard concentrations of sodium hypochlorite tested similarly. In the test, 10 successive additions of the test culture are added to each of 3 concentrations of the hypochlorite. One min after each addition a sample is transferred to the subculture medium and the next addition is made 1.5 min after the previous one. The disinfectant is then evaluated in a manner similar to the phenol coefficient test. For equivalence, the disinfectant must yield the same number of negative tubes as one of the chlorine standards. 

---