Organic compound families

Figure 3.13 Relative polarities of several organic compound families along with some principal types of stationary phase with ligands in current use.

More precisely, the main organic compound families are more or less recovered by the aggregate parameters and by UV spectrophotometry (Table 7). Additional comments can be made concerning organic compounds containing hetero-atoms (N or S). They are at... 

Common Mass Spectral Fragmentation Patterns of Organic Compound Families.8-69... 

The additives for improving the cetane number, called pro-cetane, are particularly unstable oxidants, the decomposition of which generates free radicals and favors auto-ignition. Two families of organic compounds have been tested the peroxides and the nitrates. The latter are practically the only ones being used, because of a better compromise between cost-effectiveness and ease of utilization. The most common are the alkyl nitrates, more specifically the 2-ethyl-hexyl nitrate. Figure 5.12 gives an example of the... 

A major portion of this chapter deals with how we name organic compounds The system used throughout the world is based on a set of rules for naming hydrocarbons then extending these rules to encompass other families of organic compounds... 

Appendix 1 lists selected physical properties for repre sentative alkanes as well as members of other families of organic compounds... 

Organic compounds are grouped into families according to the functional groups they contain Two of the most important families are alcohols and alkyl halides Alco hols and alkyl halides are especially useful because they are versatile starting materials for preparing numerous other families Indeed alcohols or alkyl halides—often both— will appear m virtually all of the remaining chapters of this text... 

Table 4 1 lists the major families of organic compounds covered m this text and their functional groups... 

Di is equal to read from Fig. 2-38 if Z > 0.27 and Di is eqiial to Di, read from Fig. 2-39 if Z < 0.27. At reduced temperatures less than 0.9, Dj can be taken as 0. The density is then c culated from Eq. (2-76). All families of organic compounds except mercaptans and carboxylic acids are predicted within an average deviation of 5 percent. 

As a possible method of concentrating trace amounts of bioactive organic compounds occurring in the hydrosphere, adsorption properties of various compounds have been explored by employing hydrous metal oxides as the adsorbents. To date, a family of organophosphoms compounds and carbonic acids were adsorbed onto hydrous iron oxide, along with the adsoi ption of monosaccharides onto hydrous zirconium oxide. 

Section 4.1 Functional groups are the structural units responsible for the characteristic reactions of a molecule. The hydrocarbon chain to which a functional group is attached can often be considered as simply a supporting framework. The most common functional groups characterize the families of organic compounds listed on the inside front cover of the text. 

There are numerous families of organic compounds, with structures analogous to hydrocarbons, that contain other atoms (e.g., O, N, S, Cl) besides C and H. Classification is done in accordance with the structural theory on the basis of functional groups present. The atom or atomic grouping that characterizes a particular family and also determines the properties of its members is called a Junctional group. Table 2-42 contains a selected list of common functional groups and examples of... 

Chemists have learned through many years of experience that organic compounds can be classified into families according to their structural features and that the members of a given family often have similar chemical behavior. Instead of 30 million compounds with random reactivity, there are a few dozen families of organic compounds whose chemistry is reasonably predictable. We ll study the chemistry of specific families throughout much of this book, beginning in this chapter with a look at the simplest family, the alkanes. 

The names of organic compounds have some system. Each functional group defines a family (for example, alcohols, amines) and a specific modifier is added to identify a particular example (for example, ethyl alcohol, ethyl amine). As an alternate naming system, the family may be named by a general identifying ending (for example, alcohol names end in -ol) and a particular example is indicated by an appropriate stem (ethyl alcohol would be ethanol). These naming systems are illustrated in Tables 18-1 and 18-11. 

The most successful class of active ingredient for both oxidation and reduction is that of the noble metals silver, gold, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum. Platinum and palladium readily oxidize carbon monoxide, all the hydrocarbons except methane, and the partially oxygenated organic compounds such as aldehydes and alcohols. Under reducing conditions, platinum can convert NO to N2 and to NH3. Platinum and palladium are used in small quantities as promoters for less active base metal oxide catalysts. Platinum is also a candidate for simultaneous oxidation and reduction when the oxidant/re-ductant ratio is within 1% of stoichiometry. The other four elements of the platinum family are in short supply. Ruthenium produces the least NH3 concentration in NO reduction in comparison with other catalysts, but it forms volatile toxic oxides. 

Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds, containing only carbon and hydrogen. There are three families of hydrocarbons. The alkanes have only single bonds and are said to be saturated. Alkanes are very stable and generally unreactive. Alkenes and alkynes have multiple bonds between two adjacent carbon atoms and are said to be unsaturated. This unsaturation makes alkenes and alkynes more reactive than alkanes. 

Of a series of indanylthiocarbamates, to1 indate (2) had significant antifungal properties. It is prepared simply from 5-indanyl thionochloroformate (1) by reaction with N-methyl-m-toluidine. It presumably joins the fairly large family of organic compounds having sulfur divalently bound to carbon which are useful topical agents for dermatophytes. 

Hydrolysis is one of a family of reactions which leads to the transformation of pollutants. Under environmental conditions, hydrolysis occurs mainly with organic compounds. Hydrolysis is a chemical transformation process in which an organic RX reacts with water, forming a new molecule. This process normally involves the formation of a new carbon-oxygen bond and the clearing of the carbon-X bond in the original molecule ... 

A family of organic compounds obtained by removing one or more -H atoms from a paraffin and substituting the hydroxyl radical -OH. The best-known alcohols are ethyl alcohol (ethanol) and methyl alcohol (methanol). Glycerine is a trihydric alcohol. 

Polyad [Polymer adsorbent] Also written POLYAD. A family of processes for removing volatile organic compounds from air streams by continuous adsorption on an adsorbent and desorption with hot air. Several adsorbents are used, depending on the sorbate, including a macroporous polymer ( Bonopore ). Used for control of emissions and for solvent recovery. COMBI-AD is a variant for simultaneously removing several solvents, using two different adsorbents. Developed and offered by Chematur Engineering, Sweden. Twelve units had been installed, in several countries, by 1995. 

Fig. 3 Levels of different families of organic compounds in paper mill effluent waters...

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