Family of organic compounds

The additives for improving the cetane number, called pro-cetane, are particularly unstable oxidants, the decomposition of which generates free radicals and favors auto-ignition. Two families of organic compounds have been tested the peroxides and the nitrates. The latter are practically the only ones being used, because of a better compromise between cost-effectiveness and ease of utilization. The most common are the alkyl nitrates, more specifically the 2-ethyl-hexyl nitrate. Figure 5.12 gives an example of the... 

A major portion of this chapter deals with how we name organic compounds The system used throughout the world is based on a set of rules for naming hydrocarbons then extending these rules to encompass other families of organic compounds... 

Appendix 1 lists selected physical properties for repre sentative alkanes as well as members of other families of organic compounds... 

Table 4 1 lists the major families of organic compounds covered m this text and their functional groups... 

Di is equal to read from Fig. 2-38 if Z > 0.27 and Di is eqiial to Di, read from Fig. 2-39 if Z < 0.27. At reduced temperatures less than 0.9, Dj can be taken as 0. The density is then c culated from Eq. (2-76). All families of organic compounds except mercaptans and carboxylic acids are predicted within an average deviation of 5 percent. 

Section 4.1 Functional groups are the structural units responsible for the characteristic reactions of a molecule. The hydrocarbon chain to which a functional group is attached can often be considered as simply a supporting framework. The most common functional groups characterize the families of organic compounds listed on the inside front cover of the text. 

There are numerous families of organic compounds, with structures analogous to hydrocarbons, that contain other atoms (e.g., O, N, S, Cl) besides C and H. Classification is done in accordance with the structural theory on the basis of functional groups present. The atom or atomic grouping that characterizes a particular family and also determines the properties of its members is called a Junctional group. Table 2-42 contains a selected list of common functional groups and examples of... 

Chemists have learned through many years of experience that organic compounds can be classified into families according to their structural features and that the members of a given family often have similar chemical behavior. Instead of 30 million compounds with random reactivity, there are a few dozen families of organic compounds whose chemistry is reasonably predictable. We ll study the chemistry of specific families throughout much of this book, beginning in this chapter with a look at the simplest family, the alkanes. 

Of a series of indanylthiocarbamates, to1 indate (2) had significant antifungal properties. It is prepared simply from 5-indanyl thionochloroformate (1) by reaction with N-methyl-m-toluidine. It presumably joins the fairly large family of organic compounds having sulfur divalently bound to carbon which are useful topical agents for dermatophytes. 

A family of organic compounds obtained by removing one or more -H atoms from a paraffin and substituting the hydroxyl radical -OH. The best-known alcohols are ethyl alcohol (ethanol) and methyl alcohol (methanol). Glycerine is a trihydric alcohol. 

Fig. 3 Levels of different families of organic compounds in paper mill effluent waters...

Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds are members of a family of organic compounds called hydrocarbons, compounds of carbon and hydrogen. These hydrocarbons are the simplest of organic compounds, but are extremely important to our society as fuels and raw materials for chemical industries. We... 

Organic chemistry is the study of compounds that are based on carbon. Natural gas, rubbing alcohol, aspirin, and the compounds that give fragrance to a rose, are all organic compounds. In this chapter, you will learn how to identify and name molecules from the basic families of organic compounds. You will be introduced to the shape, structure, and properties of different types of organic compounds. 

In this section, you learned how to recognize, name, and draw members of the alcohol, alkyl halide, ether, and amine families. You also learned how to recognize some of the physical properties of these compounds. In the next section, you will learn about families of organic compounds with functional groups that contain the C=0 bond. 

Draw a structural diagram for each compound. Then identify the family of organic compounds that it belongs to. 

Theres no need for ill-humored comments about the ketones being a trio of pop singers. They re a family of organic compounds (first cousins to the aldehydes) that all have the ketone signature, ... 

A measure of the susceptibility to any substitution effect of reaction series for families of organic compounds as modified by para-positions of certain reactions of aromatic compounds, log(kx/ ku) = pcTy, where constant characteristic of substituent X and its position. 

The families of organic compounds discussed thus far have been limited to those containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 

These bodies belong to the 11th family of organic compounds, and have been already treated of at p. 877 and 880. 

The organic chemicals studied thus far in this text are known as hydrocarbons, since the molecules contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms. There are many other families of organic compounds which are composed of the basic structures that we have studied however, their molecules contain atoms other than carbon and hydrogen. Table 1-12 lists these families along with the functional groups which characterize the families. These families will not be considered in detail since they are present only to a limited extent in naturally occurring petroleum deposits. 

TABLE 2. EXAMPLES OF SOME MAJOR FAMILIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS... 

Petroleum, the raw material of the petrochemical industry, consists mostly of members of the simplest family of organic compounds, the hydrocarbons, compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen. There is an enormous number of hydrocarbons because carbon can form an amazing variety of chains, rings, and networks of atoms, and can do so by forming single, double, and triple bonds. 

Carboxylic acids A family of organic compounds containing the functional group -COOH. They have the general formula C H2n+1COOH. The most important and well known of these acids is ethanoic acid, which is the main constituent in vinegar. Ethanoic acid is produced by the oxidation of ethanol. 

Esters A family of organic compounds formed by the reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid in the presence of concentrated H2S04. This type of reaction is known... 

Clays are a family of crystalline aluminosilicate solids that interact with a variety of organic compounds (Theng, 1974). Acid treatment develops acidic sites by removing aluminum from the structure and often enhances the reactivity of the clay with specific families of organic compounds. The acid sites also catalyze the formation of coke, and Houdry developed a moving bed process that continuously removed the coked beads from the reactor for regeneration by oxidation with air (McEvoy, 1996). 

Common Fragmentation Patterns of Families of Organic Compounds Common Fragments Lost... 

---