Organic acids table

Figure 9. For the most part, the films produced in the presence of acids and bases were highly resistant to change in the water desorption test— even the film formed on alumina (Table I). Some exceptions to this water stability were the ETES and VTES films formed on air-dried silica using the organic acids (Tables I and II) and the ETES film produced using pyridine as the catalyst.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) form a heterogeneous group of organic acids (Table 1) that have analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and platelet inhibitory actions. 

The demonstration of the effect of alcohol and interactions among organic acids (Table 1.6, 1.7,... 

Cotton fibers are the most important natural cellulose fibers. Cotton fibers are one of the purest somces of cellulose. The cellulose content in cotton fibers is in the range of 88.0% - 96.0%. The noncellulosic components of cotton fibers include proteins, pectic substances, sugars, wax, and organic acids. Table 4.1 shows the contents of different components in dried cotton fibers. The actual contents of different components may vary, depending on the variety and matiuity of cotton and envirorunental conditions such as climate, soil, water source, farming method, etc. Treatments can remove most of the noncellulosic components, and the cellulose content of the treated cotton fibers could be more than 99%. 

Olah and his co-workers compared the behaviour of nitronium salts in competitive nitrations with the behaviour of other nitrating systems. The results are given in table 4.1, columns (a)-(j), and also in table 4.2. The results obtained from competitive nitrations using solutions of nitric acid in organic solvents (table 4.1, columns (6)-(e)) are in line with those obtained by earlier workers. The evidence that in nitromethane,... 

TABLE 5.2 Solubilities of Inorganic Compounds and Metal Salts of Organic Acids in Water at Various Temperatures... 

The physical properties of cyanoacetic acid [372-09-8] and two of its ester derivatives are Hsted ia Table 11 (82). The parent acid is a strong organic acid with a dissociation constant at 25°C of 3.36 x 10. It is prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium cyanide. It is hygroscopic and highly soluble ia alcohols and diethyl ether but iasoluble ia both aromatic and aUphatic hydrocarbons. It undergoes typical nitrile and acid reactions but the presence of the nitrile and the carboxyUc acid on the same carbon cause the hydrogens on C-2 to be readily replaced. The resulting malonic acid derivative decarboxylates to a substituted acrylonitrile ... 

Anhydrous aluminum triduotide, A1F., is a white crystalline soHd. Physical properties are Hsted ia Table 2. Aluminum duotide is spatingly soluble ia water (0.4%) and iasoluble ia dilute mineral acids as well as organic acids at ambient temperatures, but when heated with concentrated sulfuric acid, HF is hberated, and with strong alkah solutions, aluminates are formed. A1F. is slowly attacked by fused alkahes with the formation of soluble metal duotides and aluminate. A series of double salts with the duotides of many metals and with ammonium ion can be made by precipitation or by soHd-state reactions. 

Semipermanent hair color products are formulated at an alkaline pH, usually between 8.5 and 10. At this pH the cuticle of the hair lifts away from the hair a Httie, allowing for easier penetration of dye. An alkyl amine buffered with an organic acid normally is used to obtain the desired pH. The formulations contain a mixture of solvents and surfactants to solubilize the dyes and a thickening agent is added so that the product stays on the hair without mnning or dripping. A 20—30 min appHcation time is normal for this type of product. A representative formula for a semipermanent dye product is given in Table 7. 

In common with other hydroxy organic acids, tartaric acid complexes many metal ions. Formation constants for tartaric acid chelates with various metal ions are as follows Ca, 2.9 Cu, 3.2 Mg, 1.4 and Zn, 2.7 (68). In aqueous solution, tartaric acid can be mildly corrosive toward carbon steels, but under normal conditions it is noncorrosive to stainless steels (Table 9) (27). 

Anhydrous oxaUc acid is very soluble in polar solvents. The ionisation constant is comparable with those of many mineral acids and is exceeded only by those of a few organic acids is approximately the same as the ionisation constant of bensoic acid (see Table 1). 

Physical Properties. Both (1) and (2) are weak bases, showing 4.94 and 5.40, respectively. Their facile formation of crystalline salts with either inorganic or organic acids and complexes with Lewis acids is in each case of considerable interest. Selected physical data for quinoline and isoquinoline are given in Table 1. Reference 4 greatly expands the range of data treated and adds to them substantially. 

Physical Properties. Methanesulfonic acid [75-75-2] (MSA), CH SO H, is a clear, colorless, strong organic acid available in bulk quantities from Elf Atochem North America as a 70% solution and on an anhydrous basis (100%). MSA is soluble in water and in many organic solvents. Its physical properties ate described in Table 10. 

The elemental and vitamin compositions of some representative yeasts are Hsted in Table 1. The principal carbon and energy sources for yeasts are carbohydrates (usually sugars), alcohols, and organic acids, as weU as a few other specific hydrocarbons. Nitrogen is usually suppHed as ammonia, urea, amino acids or oligopeptides. The main essential mineral elements are phosphoms (suppHed as phosphoric acid), and potassium, with smaller amounts of magnesium and trace amounts of copper, zinc, and iron. These requirements are characteristic of all yeasts. The vitamin requirements, however, differ among species. Eor laboratory and many industrial cultures, a commercial yeast extract contains all the required nutrients (see also Mineral nutrients). 

Boric acid is quite soluble in many organic solvents (Table 7). Some of these solvents, eg, pyridine, dioxane, and diols, are known to form boric acid... 

The solubihty of water in fatty acids, 0.92% for stearic acid at 68.7°C, is greater than the solubiHty of the acid in water, 0.0003% for stearic acid at 20°C, and this solubihty tends to increase with increasing temperature (21). SolubiHties of aHphatic acids in organic solvents demonstrate another example of the alternating effect of odd vs even numbered acids (Table 8). 

Unsaturation in a fatty acid increases its solubihty in organic solvents, and the differences in solubiHties between saturated and unsaturated acids can be used to separate these acids (Table 9). 

Properties are furthermore determined by the nature of the organic acid, the type of metal and its concentration, the presence of solvent and additives, and the method of manufacture. Higher melting points are characteristics of soaps made of high molecular-weight, straight-chain, saturated fatty acids. Branched-chain unsaturated fatty acids form soaps with lower melting points. Table 1 Hsts the properties of some soHd metal soaps. 

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