Organ and Tissue Damage

Human sperm chromosomes retain a high fertilizing ability after a high dose of 

Numerous behavioral measures have been evaluated for their usefulness in providing a sensitive index of exposure to ionizing radiation. Radiation-related mental retardation is the most likely type of behavioral abnormality in humans sensitivity peaked between 8 and 15 weeks of conception and doses 0.4 Gy. No specific mechanism for the production of mental retardation has been established, although proposed mechanisms include the loss of cells, migration of neurons, and failure of synapto-genesis. In studies with rats, operant responses decreased (maintained by positive reinforcement such as food or water) at sublethal radiation doses (3.0-6.75 Gy) under various schedules of reinforcement. Dismpted operant responses under shock avoidance at LD100 levels are reported in pigs and rhesus monkeys. 

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Toxicity Early detection of toxicity to avoid organ and tissue damages To remove those patients from the treatment who are oversensitive... 

One area of research is the replacement of sulfur with selenium to enhance the potency of organic compounds in pharmaceutical apphcations. This has seldom been successflil and often the toxicity is increased. There are some exceptions, eg, selenazofurin, phenylaminoethyl selenide, ebselen, and selenotifen (64). Selenazofurin is a cytotoxic compound having antitumor properties, phenyl aminoethyl selenide is used to reduce hypertension, ebselen inhibits a variety of inflammatory and tissue damaging reactions, and selenotifen is an antiallergic agent. 

The polyimide-CNT composites have good biocompatibility and conductive properties, which can be used to fabricate the electrode arrays, and enhance their biocompatibility. For example, they can be used as the stimulator embedded in the blind eyes, and can be used for the electrode arrays transplanted in the human body without damaging human organs and tissues (Tulevski et al., 2007). 

We perhaps often do not appreciate that when a cell suffers damage, it is not all damaged equally (in just the same way in an organ and tissue, some cells will be spared). 

It is important to prevent the oxidation of edible fats and oils and of foods that contain oils to maintain their quality and safety. Oxidation of fats and oils can be initiated by heat, light, and metals in the fats and oils. The oxidation products from oils, which include hydroperoxides and cyclic peroxides, decompose to produce a variety of volatile compounds, which result in undesirable flavors and odors in oils (131-134). Oils damaged by oxidation also have been reported to cause biological problems, such as diarrhea, growth depression, and tissue damage in living organisms. 

There are very few adverse health effects as far as organ or tissue damage from long-term (years) use of codeine. This is in contrast to most other abused drugs, with alcohol and tobacco being the obvious examples. 

These protective agents prevent damage to organs and tissues, but if there are too many toxic molecules they are soon overwhelmed, and damage and destruction can follow. As we shall see in the next chapter, this is what happens in paracetamol poisoning following an overdose. 

Radiation transfers large amounts of energy to cells and is quite penetrating. Cells that are damaged, but not killed, often reproduce out of control. This growth by functionally damaged cells forms tumors and causes related problems for organs and tissues. 

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