Order in liquids

Fuhrhop, J. -H. and Kdning, J., Membranes and Molecular Assemblies, The Synkinetic Approach, Royal Society of Chemistry Cambridge, 1994. 

Dissolution of alkali metal cations such as Cs results in short-range liquid order in water as a primary solvation shell of about eight water molecules is established about the metal cation. Lithium, however, exerts a much greater polarising power and is capable of organising a first- and second-coordination sphere of about 12 water molecules about itself, resulting in a much larger hydrated radius for the ion and hence decreased ionic mobility. 

This chapter attempts to summarise briefly the role of supramolecular chemistry and supramolecular interactions in the formation and uses of structured liquid phases. Subjects such as liquid crystalline 

Supramolecular Chemistry, 2nd edition J. W. Steed and J. L. Atwood 2009 John Wiley Sons, Ltd ISBN 978-0-470-51233-3 

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Of spectroscopic teclmiques, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been most widely used to measure orientational ordering in liquid crystals [M, 57 and ]. Most commonly, changes of line splittings in the spectra of... 

Marel]a S 1974 Chain ordering in liquid crystals. I. Even-odd effect J. Chem. Phys. 60 3599-604... 

Our initial experimental results indicated that the kinetic model— first order in liquid phase CO concentration—was the leading candidate. We designed an experimental program specifically for this reaction model. The integrated rate expression (see Appendix for nomenclature) can be written as ... 

Marcelja, S. (1974). Chain ordering in liquid crystals. II. Structure of bilayer membranes, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 367, 165-176. 

Figure 4.14. Schematic presentation of ordering in liquid, liquid crystal, and crystal.

First order in liquid reactant In this case, the overall reaction rate can be expressed only in terms of the bulk liquid concentration of the liquid reactant by using the mass balance of the reactant around the catalyst ... 

The objective of this review is to characterize the excimer formation and energy migration processes in aryl vinyl polymers sufficiently well that the excimer probe may be used quantitatively to study polymer structure. One such area of application in which some measure of success has already been achieved is in the analysis of the thermodynamics of multicomponent systems and the kinetics of phase separation. In the future, it is likely that the technique will also prove fruitful in the study of structural order in liquid crystalline polymers. 

Short range order in liquid-like systems as well as long range order in crystalline domains are reflected in WAXS-patterns very dearly. Some examples of calculated X-ray patterns from PTFE (Phase I), a smectic LC-phase and even a PE melt, show that our model covers a wide range of macromolecular structures running the whole scale from crystalline systems over mesophases up to polymer melts. The range of intra- and intermolecular order can be estimated fairly well with the help of density correlation functions. 

In liquid crystals or LC-glasses one looks for orientational order and an absence of three-dimensional, long-range, positional order. In liquid crystals, large scale molecular motion is possible. In LC-glasses the molecules are fixed in position. The orientational order can be molecular or supermolecular. If the order rests with a supermolecular structure, as in soap micelles and certain microphase separated block copolymers, the molecular motion and geometry have only an indirect influence on the overall structure of the material. 

In 2003, Sugimoto and Kanie published what appears to be the first claim on the formation of nematic-like one-dimensional ordering in liquid crystal-nanoparticle hybrid materials. Different shapes of Ti02 nanoparticles were hybridized with two structurally different rod-like liquid crystal amines (one based on a cyanobiphenyl and a second with a fluorinated cyclohexylbiphenyl core), but only the combination of spindle-like Ti02 nanorods (with an aspect ratio greater than 10) with the... 

Many relatively simple amino- and hydroxyanthraquinone derivatives show a high degree of order in liquid-crystalline systems and are therefore suitable as dichroic dyes for guest-host displays. Several new dyes for this application have been described. For example, 9 is a blue dichroic dye [4],... 

Thus the necessary condition of SB in gas-liquid phase transition, the spontaneous decrease in energy and symmetry by formation of instant local order in liquids from the gas units, may also be presented as initiated by the JT or PJT eflFect. 

Table IV Conformational order in Liquid Crystalline DPPC by Various Techniques. ...

The reorientation of the local chain axis gives rise to the partial narrowing of the amorphous REV-8 spectra and is of a random nature. In a short period of time, a particular segment of the macromolecular chain assumes a distribution of directions which deviate from its orientation at rest. In analogy to the description of molecular ordering in liquid crystals—, we use the concept of a local order parameter for the quantitative characterization of the extent of these fluctuations. 

An additional example for the usefulness of IR spectroscopy in studying drug interactions with phospholipid vesicles is the quantitative determination of acyl chain conformation in gramicidin-DPPC mixtures [63]. The technique provides a quantitative measure of the extent to which membrane-spanning peptides induce disorder of phospholipid gel phases and order in liquid crystalline phases. 

The liquid state is intermediate between the gaseous and solid states. It presents neither the structural regularity of solid crystals nor the typical disorder of gases. For that reason, theoretical studies of the liquid phase are based on the methods and results of the research of real gases (van der Waals) but also on the theory of disordered solids, like the results of X-ray experiments which show local ordering in liquids. 

Czeslik C, Jonas J. Effect of pressure on local order in liquid dimethyl sulfoxide. J Phys Chem A 1999 103 3222-3227. 

To investigate the nature of ordering in liquids, we have studied the temperature dependence of the OHD-RIKES response of a number of symmetric-top liquids, including acetonitrile-d3, benzene, benzene-d6, carbon disulfide, chloroform, and methyl iodide (56). These liquids were chosen in particular because data on rsm were available from other sources, including NMR data for acetonitrile-d3 (57), Raman data for benzene and benzene-d3 (45), NMR data for carbon disulfide (58), NMR data for chloroform (59), and Raman data for methyl iodide (45). Since the OHD-RIKES data were not all obtained at the same temperatures as the rsm data, we used the fact that the single-molecule orientational correlation time generally obeys the Arrhenius equation to interpolate (and, where necessary, extrapolate) values of rsm at temperatures matching those of the icon data. 

Filippov, E. S., and A. M. Samarin Determination of the Structure of short Range Order in liquid metal binary alloys. Soviet Phys.-"Doklady (English Transl.) 10, 1101 (1966). 

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