Liquids phase structures

Assuming that phosgene packs as a cubic molecule with cube sides equal to its diameter, then (from density data) its effective molecular radius in the liquid state is 0.245 nm [1129]. 

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Liquid Phase Structural Control of Mono- and Bimetallic Nanoparticles... 

In the isoelectronic B3H7 LB species, the liquid phase structure (VII-A13) is definitely indicated to be correct by Parry and Paine 39, 109), rather than a structure with elements of both VII-A13 and II-A13 which may be more stable in the crystal phase 97). 

Due to the fact that most chloroaluminate ILs comprise a mixture of species, much of the early NMR work of and in ILs was focused on speciation and on investigating the liquid-phase structure of fhese liquids. 

Among the most important topics that are frequently addressed via NMR spectroscopy are questions about the structure of a chemical compound. Thus, it is not surprizing that the liquid-phase structure of many common ILs has been investigated using NMR techniques. 

Fig. 8 Liquid-phase structure of [omim]Br in H20 as proposed by Zhao and co-workers. Black balls = Br gray balls = D20. Reprinted with permission from [44]. Copyright 2008 American Chemical Society...

The primary problem of chemical kinetics is the formulation of an empirical rate law which represents the rate of a reaction as a function of the concentrations or partial pressures of reactants, products, and catalysts present in a gaseous or liquid phase, structure and composition of solid catalysts, temperature, etc. A secondary problem is the ascertainment of the mechanism, which is often represented by a sequence of consecutive steps, or several sequences in parallel. The knowledge of the mechanism of a reaction in turn may be used in order to formulate a rational rate law which may represent the empirical rate data in a more logical form than an empirical rate law. 

Glass, R. J. Nicholl, M. J. Rajaram, H. Wood, T. R. Unsaturated Flow through Fracture Networks Evolution of Liquid Phase Structure, Dynamics, and the Critical In ortance of Fracture Intersections. Water Resour. Res. 2003.39(12), 1352. 

Many studies of biomolecules carried out by ESI-MS assume that, in the gas-phase conditions, ions retain elements of liquid-phase structures [22]. This assumption is supported by experimental results and molecular dynamics simulations. It has been suggested that solution-phase conformers of some proteins may be preserved for several tens of milliseconds after the ESI [21, 23, 24]. Because of the soft character ofESI, some protein-ligand complexes and large protein assemblies may also maintain non-covalent bonding in the gas phase [16, 24-29]. For example, nanospray electrospray ionization (nanoESI)-MS enabled the formation of complexes between a heat shock protein and an unfolding luciferase (client) to be monitored in the course of a few minutes [30]. 

Xian ZX, Kass SR (2009) Gas-phase versus liquid-phase structures by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed 48 1321-1323... 

Xian ZX, Kass SR (2008) Does electrospray ionization produce gas-phase or liquid-phase structures J Am Chem Soc 130 10842-10843... 

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