Orange bitter compound

Ephedra (Ephedra sinica)/Ma Huang Uses Stimulant, aid in wt loss, bronchial dilation Dose Not OK d/t reported deaths (>100 mg/d can be life-threatening). US sales banned by FDA in 2004 bitter orange w/ similar properties has replaced this compound in most wt loss supplements Caution Advise cardiac events, strokes, death SE Nervousness, HA, insomnia, palpitations, V, hypoglycemia Interactions Digoxin, antihypertensives, antidepressants, diabetic medications EMS Tinctures extracts contain EtOH may X glucose linked to several deaths behavioral mood changes... 

Monoterpenes, 10-carbon-containing terpenoids, are composed of two isoprene units, and found abundantly in plants, e.g. (+)-limonene from lemon oil, and (—)-linalool from rose oil. Many monoterpenes are the constituents of plant volatile oils or essential oils. These compounds are particularly important as flavouring agents in pharmaceutical, confectionery and perfume products. However, a number of monoterpenes show various types of bioactivity and are used in medicinal preparations. For example, camphor is used in liniments against rheumatic pain, menthol is used in ointments and liniments as a remedy against itching, bitter-orange peel is used as an aromatic bitter tonic and as a remedy for poor appetite and thymol and carvacrol are used in bactericidal preparations. 

A second Hud of tannin is produced whan indigo or similar compounds rich in carbon, are treated with nitric acid, as In (he foregoing method., A very bitter, orange-colored residue is obtained, which is soluble In water,... 

Fruit juices can be deacidified with a weak base anion-exchange resin. Removal of compounds which cause a bitter taste is a more popular application (26,27). It is accomplished with resins that have no ion-exchange fimctionality. In essence, they are similar to the copolymer intermediates used by resin manufacturers in the production of macroporous cation and anion exchangers. These products are called polymeric adsorbents. They are excellent for removal of limonin [1180-71-8] and naringin [1023647-2], the principal compounds responsible for bitterness in orange, lemon, and grapefruit juices. The adsorbents are regenerated with steam or alcohol. Decaffeination of coffee (qv) and tea (qv) is practiced with the same polymeric adsorbents (28). 

Several TLC methods have been widely used to quantitatively estimate the flavonoids for quality control purposes rather than to detect adulteration. The potential exists, however, for testing authenticity. Naringin is an important compound in grapefruit juice, since it is largely responsible for the bitter character of the juice. Fisher et al. (121) developed a TLC procedure for naringin estimation. This was later modified by Tatum and Berry (122). Swift (123) developed a TLC-spectrophotometric assay for the neutral methoxylated flavones in orange peel. The method was subsequently expanded to the determination of these compounds in orange juice (124). 

An IPC procedure assessed recoveries of urinary catecholamines during an innovative sample clean-up [95] and was optimized to avoid interferences by anti-TB drugs [96]. Adrenergic amines were determined in a variety of bitter orange-containing dietary supplements marketed as appetite suppressants a sodium dodecyl sulfate IPR and fluorescent detection were used [97]. Similarly, two classes of compounds. 

Compound Tincture of Cinchona. Take 4 troy ounces red cinchona, 3 troy ounces bitter orange peel, C drachms serpeuiHriu (Yin rinia enakerooi), 3 drachms rediluted alcohol, pack it firmly iu a glass percolator, aud displace, wtlli diluted alcohol, pints of tincture. (2. S. Ph.)... 

Compound Tincture of Gentiaiu Mix together 2 troy ounces gentian, 1 troy ounce bitter orange peel, i troy ounce cardamom, all in fine powder mcisten with fluid ounces diluted alcohol pack it in a conical percolator, and displace, with dilated sdcohol, 2 pints of tincture. (17. 3. Ph,)... 

Bitter orange contains furocoumarins, compounds recognized to be phototoxic and to act as inhibitors of certain drug-metabolizing enzymes (Baumgart et al. 2005). However, no cases of phototoxicity in persons using bitter orange have been reported. 

Three types of bitter orange fruit products are commercially available. The crude (minimally processed) dried immature fruit and nearly mature fruit are the products used in traditional Chinese medicine, and extracts of the fruit with an increased concentration of the compound synephrine (usually 4 to 6%) are also available see next entry). 

Bitterness in navel orange juice (ef. Marsh, 1953) is due to the presence of limonin, which is not a flavonoid compound. 

The application of two methods, conventional (30 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25 pm column) and fast (10 m X 0.10 mm ID, 0.10 pm column), on ve different citrus essential oils (bergamot, mandarin, lemon, bitter oranges, and sweet oranges) has been reported [49]. The fast method allowed the separation of almost the same compounds as the conventional analysis, while quantitative data showed good reproducibility. The effectiveness of the fast GC method, through the use of narrow-bore columns, was demonstrated. An ultrafast GC lime essential oil analysis was also performed on a 5 m x 50 pm capillary column with 0.05 pm stationary phase Im thickness [50]. The total analysis time of this volatile essential oil was less than 90 s a chromatogram is presented in Figure 7.2. 

Dugo, P L. Mondello, E. Cogliro, A. Verzera, and G. Dugo, 1996. On the genuineness of citrus essential oils. 51. Oxygen heterocyclic compounds of bitter orange oil Citrus aurantium L.). 

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