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Oral administration routes

Lethal dose, intravenous injection route (Smalley 1973) Lethal dose, intraperitoneal injection route (Smalley 1973) Lethal dose, oral administration route (Smalley 1973) Lethal dose, dermal route (Smalley 1973)... [Pg.1177]

Identification of the active component of Neovastat may elucidate its specific mode of acfion and potentially limit the side effects identified at the present time. This is particularly pertinent if, as expected, life-long administration is required, because the effects of chronic exposure and interactions between Neovastat and other therapies are not yet known. The positive safety profile and fhe oral administration route of Neovastat, however, are advantages in comparison with current therapies and some angiogenesis inhibitors. Thus, should antiangiogenic therapy become a mainstream therapy, Neovastat could play a substantial role in the treatment of cancer. [Pg.355]

In the United States, OTC products do not need regulatory approval of submission of an NDA. Thus, if an excipient has a record of safe use in an OTC medicine, the FDA may accept the material, provided the product manufacturer can demonstrate evidence that the excipient is safe to use. " However, this manner of approval is not guaranteed to be successful and may not be useful for non-oral administration routes. [Pg.2775]

Cheever KL, DeBord DG, Swearengin TF. 1991.4,4 -Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA) The effect of multiple oral administration, route and phenobarbital induction on macromolecular adduct formation in the rat. Fundam AppI Toxicol 16(1) 71-80. [Pg.121]

To summarize If nanosuspensions are intended for oral administration, very often only two homogenization cycles are necessary to obtain a product of a suflideni quality for the oral administration route. If nanosuspensions are intended for intravenous administration, application of four or more homogenization cycles—depending on the hardness of the drug—might be required. [Pg.393]

The oral administration route is most common, especially for chronic diseases that require constant medication. Through this route, the drug has to go through the entire digestive tract where it is exposed to different physiological conditions such as pH and enzymatic activity of organs such as the stomach, small intestine, and colon [64]. [Pg.88]

Effects in Animals. The LD ia rats for all light chlorophenols, irrespective of the administration route, ties between 130 and 4000 mg/kg body weight. The toxicity of these compounds ia order of increasing strength is tetrachlorophenols > monochloropheno1 s > dichlorophenols > trichlorophenols when the chlorophenol is administered either orally or by subcutaneous iajection. [Pg.81]

The osmotic diuretics urea and mannitol are administered intravenously (IV), whereas glycerin and isosorbide are administered orally Administration by the IV route may result in a rapid fluid and electrolyte imbalance, especially when these drugs are administered before surgery with the patient in a fasting state ... [Pg.447]

Absorption across biological membranes is often necessary for a chemical to manifest toxicity. In many cases several membranes need to be crossed and the structure of both the chemical and the membrane need to be evaluated in the process. The major routes of absorption are ingestion, inhalation, dermal and, in the case of exposures in aquatic systems, gills. Factors that influence absorption have been reviewed recently. Methods to assess absorption include in vivo, in vitro, various cellular cultures as well as modelling approaches. Solubility and permeability are barriers to absorption and guidelines have been developed to estimate the likelihood of candidate molecules being absorbed after oral administration. ... [Pg.33]

For the majority of drugs, the preferred administration route is by oral ingestion which requires good intestinal absorption of drug molecules. Intestinal absorption is usually expressed as fraction absorbed (FA), expressing the percentage of initial dose appearing in a portal vein [15]. [Pg.114]

There is no evidence that intravenous corticosteroid administration is more effective than oral administration, and the oral route is preferred in acute severe asthma.3 There are also few data to guide selection of initial corticosteroid doses. Recommended doses for acute severe asthma are shown in Table 11-5, page 227 however, recent data indicate that... [Pg.221]

O Parenteral nutrition (PN), also called total parenteral nutrition (TPN), is the intravenous administration of fluids, macronutrients, electrolytes, vitamins, and trace elements for the purpose of weight maintenance or gain, to preserve or replete lean body mass and visceral proteins, and to support anabolism and nitrogen balance when the oral/enteral route is not feasible or adequate. [Pg.1493]

Urine is the principal excretory route for elimination of diisopropyl methylphosphonate after oral administration to mice, rats, pigs, mink, or dogs (Hart 1976 Snodgrass and Metker 1992 Weiss et al. 1994). However, the rate of excretion differs among species. Peak urinary excretion of a single oral dose of 225 mg/kg [14C]-radiolabeled diisopropyl methylphosphonate occurred at 6 hours in mice,... [Pg.71]

Sociocultural, illness, and biological factors affect individual attitudes towards psychotropic medications. Health beliefs or explanatory models, particularly causal attributions regarding the illness and the treatment options afforded within such models, exert a profound influence on patients attitudes and behavior regarding medications (Smith, Lin Mendoza, 1993). Such effects can be subtle and can occur during the course of treatment even if there has been initial successful negotiation about the nature of the illness and treatment. In psychiatric illness little research has been leveled at the personal meaning that patients bring to treatment practices such as electro-convulsive therapy (ECT), oral medications, and depot injections, or to the transition between different administrative routes and types of medications. [Pg.123]

Class IV drugs have low aqueous solubility and poor membrane permeability and as such are often considered as poor drug candidates for oral administration. Other routes of administration may need to be considered. For example, neomycin falls into this category, and its oral use is to achieve sterilization of the gut. There is too little information about these compounds and the effect of food to offer general observations. [Pg.56]

Historically, the oral route of administration has been used the most for both conventional and novel drug-delivery systems. There are many obvious reasons for this, not the least of which would include acceptance by the patient and ease of administration. The types of sustained- and controlled-release systems employed for oral administration include virtually every currently known theoretical mechanism for such application. This is because there is more flexibility in dosage design, since constraints, such as sterility and potential damage at the site of administration, axe minimized. Because of this, it is convenient to discuss the different types of dosage forms by using those developed for oral administration as initial examples. [Pg.505]

Oral Administration. Oral administration is the preferred route of administration. There is a general consensus among pediatricians and parents that children younger that 5 years of age have great difficulty with, or are unable to swallow, a solid oral dosage form. Manufacturers, therefore, have developed liquid formulations for many of the commonly used pediatric products. The liquid dosage form, however, is not free of problems. Liquid products are often unstable and have short expiration dates accurate measurement and administration of the prescribed dose is also a problem, especially in infants. [Pg.672]

The relationship between exposure and internal dose is known only for a few pyrethroids. Human volunteer studies have shown that, after a single oral administration, pyrethroids and the respective metabolites are excreted in urine within 24 hr and do not accumulate in the body. In field workers exposed to cypermetrin through the dermal route, urine excretion of the intact compound and its metabolites peaked 36 hr after exposure had ceased (WHO, 1989). [Pg.12]

Oral (PO = per os) By the mouth. Oral administration is the most common route employed for a variety of dosage forms tablets, capsules, liquids, suspensions. The major site of absorption is the small intestine. Alcohol is absorbed from the stomach. [Pg.28]


See other pages where Oral administration routes is mentioned: [Pg.252]    [Pg.265]    [Pg.376]    [Pg.277]    [Pg.156]    [Pg.252]    [Pg.265]    [Pg.376]    [Pg.277]    [Pg.156]    [Pg.170]    [Pg.8]    [Pg.78]    [Pg.12]    [Pg.596]    [Pg.125]    [Pg.92]    [Pg.44]    [Pg.1494]    [Pg.66]    [Pg.37]    [Pg.130]    [Pg.136]    [Pg.142]    [Pg.504]    [Pg.523]    [Pg.188]    [Pg.262]    [Pg.44]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.32 , Pg.189 , Pg.306 ]




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