Oral administration gastrointestinal irritancy

Sodium and potassium chlorates are low to moderately toxic in test animals. Oral administration produced irritation of the gastrointestinal tract, anemia, and methemoglobinemia. The oral LD50 values for sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium salts in rats are within the range 1200, 1800, 2500, and 6300 mg/kg, respectively. The toxicity data for other metal chlorates are not reported. 

Oral administration of alendronic acid may cause gastrointestinal irritation. Patients are advised to swallow the tablets whole with plenty of water while standing or at least while in a sitting position. Concomitant administration of... 

Rectal Avoids problems of stability in gastrointestinal tract No first-pass metabolism Useful if oral administration is not possible Unpopular Inconvenient Erratic absorption Irritation Suppositories, enemas (solutions, suspensions, emulsions), foams, ointments, creams... 

Repeated oral administration of 2-PAM or TMB-4 In dogs may lead to areas of acute necrosis and to deposition of fibrous tissue In the stomach. Whether those effects are due to a specific action of the oxime or to chronic irritation related to repeated administration is not known. Nor are the long-term effects of such chronic administration and consequent fibrosis known. However, single doses, even orally, have not been reported to produce tissue changes. No change was found in the gastrointestinal tracts of rats given P2S (200 mg/kg) orally each day for 50 d.23... 

It does not inhibit carbonic anhydrase. Loss of potassium is less marked but chance of hypochloremic alkalosis are greater. It is an irritant and upon oral administration it produces diarrhoea, gastrointestinal bleeding may occur at higher dose. Chances of hearing loss are greater. So, due to their uniform toxicity, they are no longer used. 

PVAP Gastrointestinal tract irritation in rat and dog and embryo toxicity in rat and rabbit Very high-dose effects only following oral administration 42... 

Adverse Effects. Topical application of penciclovir may cause some skin reactions (rashes, irritation) at the application site, but the incidence of these reactions is fairly low. Systemic (oral) administration of famciclovir is generally well tolerated, with only minor side effects such as headache, dizziness, and gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, diarrhea). 

Gastrointestinal irritation, including abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, is the most common adverse event produced by erythromycin and is usually associated with oral administration. Irritation is dose related and more common with daily doses of 2 g or more. Some brands of enteric-coated tablets and the ester derivatives (e.g., ethylsuccinate) can be taken with food to minimize these adverse effects. 

Oral administration of aspirin can result in gastrointestinal bleeding. The bleeding has been attributed to local irritation due to the acidic nature of the carboxylic acid substituent. In an attempt to reduce the gastric irritation of aspirin, acylal prodrugs were synthesized. In vitro, the prodrugs generated rapidly aspirin and in a... 

Doxycycline and minocycline are more lipophilic tetracyclines. They are well absorbed after oral administration. Their half-lives are 16-18 hours. Their higher affinity for fatty tissues improves their effectiveness and changes their adverse effects profile. Local gastrointestinal irritation and disturbance of the intestinal bacterial flora occur less often than with the more hydrophilic drugs, which have to be given in higher oral doses for sufficient absorption. 

The commonest gastrointestinal adverse effects of aminophylline in adults are nausea and gastrointestinal irritation, which are primarily a function of serum theophylline concentrations, although some additional local irritation may be produced by oral administration. Nausea was reported in six of 20 asthmatic patients with serum theophylline concentrations of 20 pg/ml (SED-9, 4). In a survey of 2766 theophylline-treated patients with cardiac or pulmonary diseases, 11% had adverse effects, most of which were gastrointestinal disturbances (7.8%) (SED-9, 4). 

Gastrointestinal Ah tetracychnes can produce GI irritation, typically after oral administration. Tolerabihty can be improved by administering the drug with food, but tetracyclines should not be taken with dairy products or antacids. Tetracychne has been associated with esophagitis and pancreatihs. Pseudomembranous colitis caused by overgrowth of C. difficile is a potentially life-threatening complication. 

Oxamniquine is active against mature and immature forms of Schistosoma mansoni (but not other schistosomes), though resistance can occur. The initial use of the drug was presumably based on identification of the parasite ova in stools, this drug s ease of administration (it is orally effective), and— perhaps—its availability. Adverse effects of oxamniquine include dizziness, headache, drowsiness, gastrointestinal irritation, and pruritus. Effects probably due... 

Toxicity — low oral administration of f 1400 mg/kg in rats produced somnolence, ulceration, bleeding from stomach target organs liver, gastrointestinal tract mild irritant Skin and eye irritant 10 mg/24 hr caused mild irritation on rabbit skin toxic via skin absorption LD50 oral (rats) 2180 mg/kg Skin and eye irritant exposure to 500 mg/24 hr caused severe eye irritation in rabbits 100% in 24 h caused moderate skin irritation in guinea pigs... 

Phenol. Phenol is highly irritating to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes in humans after acute inhalation or dermal exposures. Phenol is considered to be quite toxic to humans via oral exposure, with blood changes, liver and kidney damage, and cardiac toxicity reported. Chronic inhalation exposure to phenol in humans has been associated with gastrointestinal irritation, liver injury, and muscular effects. No data are available on the developmental or reproductive effects of phenol on humans. EPA has classified phenol as a Group D, not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. The NIOSH threshold limit value (TLV) and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit for phenol is 19 mg/m (78). The health and environmental risks of phenol and alkylated phenols, such as cresols and butylphenols, have been reviewed (79). 

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