Optical projection

Figure 5.15 shows a ray diagram for a light-optical projection microscope. The light source is placed behind a condenser system which collects the light which is diverging from the source and illuminates the specimen. The presence of the variable aperture near to the condenser lens permits control of the area of the specimen which is... 

Individual microelectronic devices consist of numerous layers of carefully patterned thin films. Patterning depends upon the ability to define and draw a two-dimensional pattern on a wafer substrate. Currently, this ability depends on photolithography by optical projection, in which a polymer resist film is deposited on the wafer and subsequently exposed to ultraviolet... 

Since we are dealing with a vacuum tube, the upper limit of the screen which can be reached by present-day technology is about 73 cm. Piaures with a 2 m diameter can be obtained in projection television (PTV). For each of the three colors a small (monochrome) cathode-ray tube is used. Their images are optically projected and superimposed on a projection screen using a lens system. In such a way a composite picture in full color is shown on the screen (Fig. 7.3). In order to obtain high illumination levels on the large screen, much higher current densities have to be used in PTV than in direct-view cathode-ray tubes. 

Projection optical lithography has been the mainstream technology in the semiconductor industry for the last two decades [2]. Figure 9.2 shows a schematic depiction of an optical projection system consisting of a laser light source, a mask, a projection lens, and a resist-coated wafer. The projection of the pattern of the mask onto the resist layer provides a demagnification ratio of up to 4x. 

Figueiras, E., et al. Optical projection tomography as a tool for 3D imaging of hydrogels. Biomedical Optics Express 5(10), 3443-3449 (2014)... 

Rieckher, M., et al. Microscopic optical projection tomography in vivo. PloS One 6(4), el8963 (2011)... 

Smooth specimens of quartz were numbered and put in oil incubated at 44.4°C under static conditions for 3 days. The contact angle between artificial brine and specimens treated by oil was measured by optical projection method. Then the specimens were respectively put in artificial brine and bacterial suspension with microbial concentration for 3% (V/V) and incubated at 44.4°C under static conditions. The contact angle was measured every 24 hours. 

Composite Mirror Applications, in Tucson, Arizona, has worked closely with NASA to build mirrors used in space, most notably building a mirror used by space shuttle Endeavor on its final mission to search for dark matter and anti-matter in the universe. Steward Observatory at the University of Arizona has also worked in close conjunction with Composite Mirror Applications in the development of special optical projects with applications for the telescopic industry. 

Certain specialized CRTs have faceplates made wholly or partially of fiber optics, which may have extraordinary characteristics, such as high ultraviolet transmission. A fiber optic region in the faceplate permits direct-contact exposure of photographic or other sensitive film without the necessity for external lenses or physical space for optical projection. 

FIGURE 5.118 Optical projection configurations (a) single tube, single lens rear projection system (b) crossed-mirror trinescope rear projection (c) three tube, three lens rear projection systems (d) folded optics, front projection with three tubes in-line and a dichroic mirror (e) folded optics, rear projection. 

Large screen display, optically projected from a CRT... 

Projection on a distant screen FIGURE 2.6. Optical projection method. 

Switchgear Room Electrical Fire MPS Smoke Optical Projected Beam NFPA 850... 

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