Surface replica

Figure 2. Ultrastructural aspects of M813 virus-induced ceii fusion as shown by replica preparation technique, (a) Cell surface replica of a PA317 fibroblast after incubation for 30 min at 4°C with medium containing M813 virus. Numerous microvilli extend from the slightly folded cell surface. The...

Figure 8. Flat surface replica, germanium shadowed 4 1 angle. 1 mm = 2000 A, X 5,000...

Fracture surface replicas viewed by TEM are shown in Figure 2.26. The figure shows river patterns of brittle fracture failure of a steel fastner and fine equiaxial dimples on the surface of a tensile fracture of high-strength steel. 

Fig- 1-17. Surface replica of an aspirated bordered pit in a tracheid of Douglas fir (Pseudot-suga menziesii), showing the pit aperture (PA), the torus (To), the margo (Ma), and the pit border (PB). Arrows indicate supporting cellulose strands. Transmission electron micrograph. Courtesy of Dr. W. A. Cote, Jr. 

Thin slices were microtomed from the flat (5-50/a) strip (Figure 2) in the three mutually perpendicular directions. Fractured surface replicas were also made of the three different directions for samples precooled to liquid nitrogen temeprature. The specimens fractured most readily between the (010) planes (Figure 2), exhibiting layered cleavage somewhat akin to mica flakes. Traverse to this plane, fracture was less well defined and less facile. However no difficulty was experienced in microtoming the material in all three directions. 

After ozonization, the relative protective capacty of the antiozonants was evaluated by comparing surface replicas (1) and crack depth measurements (6) of the ozonized vulcanizates. 

Fig. 4. Smoothing of tho surface of copper by irradiation with a particles (121). Electron micrographs of surface replicas, magnification ca. 50,000. Left-hand column typical areas before irradiation. Right-hand column tjrpical areas after 5 x 10 a/cm. (Areas shown are not the same before and after but are typical of each condition.)...

Electron micrograpns (Pt/C surface replicas) of the surfaces of polymethyl methacrylate lenses produced by casting into optically worked moulds a) low quality, b) high quality. 

In practically all applications of coatings on glass, with the one important exception of the generation of surface replicas in replicated optics production, the films must have a reasonably good adherence to the glass or plastic surface. Deposited films with defined optical, electrical and mechanical properties should also be... 

Graph showing the vapour beam direction required to obtain suitable preshadowed surface replicas for cross sectional investigation of film microstructures in [50]. 

Transmission electron micrograph of Pt/C surface replicas of the cross section of Ti02/Si02 multilayers deposited by reactive evaporation onto glass substrates of 30°C and 350°C [50]. 

Evidence that fibrils, when hydrated, lose to a certain extent the differentiation between band and interband regions is furnished also by electron optical experiments in which surface replicas of moist fibrils were compared with the same fibrils after drying, the latter remaining attached to the replicas (90). The distinctly corrugated appearance of the dry fibrils is not as evident in the replicas of the moist fibrils (Fig. 23). 

Fig. 2.20 Examples of electron micrographs of polymers, (a) A defocussed bright-field image of a thin film of isotactic polystyrene annealed and crystallised at about 170 °C (b) An image of a fracture surface replica from a sample of linear polyethylene crystallised from the melt at 4.95 kbar. ((a) Adapted by permission of Masaki Tsuji and (b) adapted from Principles of Polymer Morphology by D. C. Bassett. Cambridge University Press 1981.)...

Fig. 8. Electron micrograph of a surface replica of isotactic polypropylene drawn at 100° C to a draw ratio /. = 5. Note the highly aligned microfibrils of lateral dimensions of 200 A all over the sample and the disorientation of the microfibrils bridging the longitudinal voids (Peterlirfi).

Fig. 9. Surface replica eiectron micrograph and small-angte electron dffraction pattern of polyethylene film drawn at 60°C to a draw ratio 16 and subsequently annealed for 2 h at 120°C. Etched for 6 h in fuming nitric acid at 80° C. The transformed areas belong to fibrils of lower draw ratio than the rest (Peterlin and...

Figure 1.10. Surface replica of molded polyoxymethylene fractured at liquid nitrogen temperatures. While the lamellae to the lower left are oriented at an angle to the fracture surface, the lamellae elsewhere are nearly parallel to the fracture surface. The important point is that lamellae (resembling those in single crystals) are stacked up like cards or dishes in the bulk state. (Geil, 1963.)...

Figure 2.15. Surface replica of two adjacent pearlite colonies with a high-angle boundary. The microstructure is a lamellar mixture of ferrite (major phase) and carbide (minor phase). (Photo courtesy of B. L. Bramfitt and J. R. Gruver, Bethlehem Steel Corporation.)...

Surface replicas prepared on carbon supports using gold-palladium shadowing, a) 25% PPO b) 50% PPO c) 75% PPO. Reproduced with permission from Tkacik (Ref. 7b)... 

Fig. 1. Monodisperse polyvinyl toluene latex. Surface replica electron micrograph of a dried film (E. B. Bradford, Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich.), 27, 830 x magnification.

Measurement of the power necessary to move an object on the skin surface mechanically laser-controlled profilometry of a skin-surface replica... 

Fig. 5. Unetched fracture surface of a linear polyethylene (M , = 2-9 x Ky Mn = 2-3 X10 ) which was crystallized at 0-5 GPa while cooling at 0-25Kmin . Many kink bands are identified by changes in the direction of the c-axis striation. Surface replica.

Fig. 6. The same sample as in Fig. 5 but now displayed in an etched cut surface. Various lamellar perspectives are presented, as are groups of thin lamellae which are not seen in Fig. 5. Surface replica.

Fig. 4.22 SEM of a fiber surface replica shows details of the surface finish which is not possible in cases where the finish vaporizes in the vacuum of the SEM. (From Wood [294] unpublished.)...

An SEM image of such a fiber replica is shown in Fig. 4.22. The rough fiber surface texture is associated with the finish. Gordon [295] reviewed the artifacts associated with silicone elastomer surface replicas, especially bubbling, and suggests that these methods must be used with great care. 

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