Optical emission spectroscopy applications

Chw Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy (CD-OES) 229 Tab. 4.2. Some typical applications of GD-OES depth-profile analysis. 

Optical elements, liquid crystalline materials in, 15 116—117 Optical emission spectra, 14 833-837 plutonium, 19 671—673 Optical emission spectroscopy (OES), archaeological materials, 5 742 Optical fiber(s), 13 391-392 24 618 defects in, 11 145 drawing of, 11 141-145 fabrication of, 11 135-141 health care applications for, 13 397 overcladding of, 11 144 remote measurements using, 14 234 in sensors, 22 270-271 sol-gel processing of, 11 144-145 strength of, 11 141-145 vitreous silica in, 22 444 Optical fiber sensors, 12 614-616 Optical germanium, 12 556... 

C.2. Mass Spectrometry. Like optical emission spectroscopy, mass spectrometry offers the ability to fingerprint and identify individual species in a plasma discharge or products in the effluent from a plasma reactor. Its most common application is the latter, and a diagram for effluent monitoring by... 

Fabre, C., Boiron, M.-C., Dubessy, J., Moissette, a. 1999. Determination of ions in individual fluid inclusions by laser ablation optical emission spectroscopy development and applications to natural fluid inclusions. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 14(6), 913-922. 

The most frequently applied analytical methods used for characterizing bulk and layered systems (wafers and layers for microelectronics see the example in the schematic on the right-hand side) are summarized in Figure 9.4. Besides mass spectrometric techniques there are a multitude of alternative powerful analytical techniques for characterizing such multi-layered systems. The analytical methods used for determining trace and ultratrace elements in, for example, high purity materials for microelectronic applications include AAS (atomic absorption spectrometry), XRF (X-ray fluorescence analysis), ICP-OES (optical emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma), NAA (neutron activation analysis) and others. For the characterization of layered systems or for the determination of surface contamination, XPS (X-ray photon electron spectroscopy), SEM-EDX (secondary electron microscopy combined with energy disperse X-ray analysis) and... 

Tt may be safe to say that the interest of environmental scientists in airborne metals closely parallels our ability to measure these components. Before the advent of atomic absorption spectroscopy, the metal content of environmental samples was analyzed predominantly by wet or classical chemical methods and by optical emission spectroscopy in the larger analytical laboratories. Since the introduction of atomic absorption techniques in the late 1950s and the increased application of x-ray fluorescence analysis, airborne metals have been more easily and more accurately characterized at trace levels than previously possible by the older techniques. These analytical methods along with other modem techniques such as spark source mass spectrometry and activation analysis... 

Broekaert J. A. C. and Leis F. (1985) An application of electrothermal evaporation using direct solids sampling coupled with microwave induced plasma optical emission spectroscopy to elemental determinations in biological matrices, Mikrochim Acta II 261-272. 

Optical emission spectroscopy is more limited in its application but has nevertheless established an important role. It has found particular use for the measurement of nitrogen-15 levels in agricultural studies. Its limitations arise from the necessity to convert the sample to nitrogen gas for measurement. 

This requirement is met for almost all the important elements by the use of optical emission spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRFS). XRFS is applicable to all elements with an atomic number greater than 12. Using these two techniques, all metals and non-metals down to an atomic number of 15 (phosphorus) can be determined in polymers at tbe required concentrations [1-4]. 

Industrial Analysis with Vibrational Spectroscopy 5 Ionization Methods in Organic Mass Spectrometry 6 Quantitative Millimetre Wavelength Spectrometry 7 Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy A Practical Guide 8 Chemometrics in Analytical Spectroscopy, 2nd Edition 9 Raman Spectroscopy in Archaeology and Art History 10 Basic Chemometric Techniques in Atomic Spectroscopy 11 Biomedical Applications of Synchrotron Infrared Microspectroscopy 12 Microwave Induced Plasma Analytical Spectrometry 13 Basic Chemometric Techniques in Atomic Spectroscopy, 2" Edition... 

GFAAS), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES - also referred to as inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, or ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) are all routinely utilized in pharmaceutical applications. While there are other techniques of note available, such as micro-wave induced plasma (MIP) or direct coupled plasma (DCP), they have not been routinely used in the pharmaceutical industry, and will, therefore, not be discussed here. The theories involved in the use of FAAS, GFAAS, ICP and ICP-MS may be found in other articles of this Encyclopedia. 

See also Laser Spectroscopy Theory Multiphoton Spectroscopy, Applications Nonlinear Optical Properties X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy, Applications X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy, Methods. 

Fourier transform methods have revolutionized many fields in physics and chemistry, and applications of the technique are to be found in such diverse areas as radio astronomy [52], nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy [53], mass spectroscopy [54], and optical absorption/emission spectroscopy from the far-infrared to the ultraviolet [55-57]. These applications are reviewed in several excellent sources [1, 54,58], and this section simply aims to describe the fundamental principles of FTIR spectroscopy. A more theoretical development of Fourier transform techniques is given in several texts [59-61], and the interested reader is referred to these for details. 

Picosecond spectroscopy enables one to observe ultrafast events in great detail as a reaction evolves. Most picosecond laser systems currently rely on optical multichannel detectors (OMCDs) as a means by which spectra of transient species and states are recorded and their formation and decay kinetics measured. In this paper, we describe some early optical detection methods used to obtain picosecond spectroscopic data. Also we present examples of the application of picosecond absorption and emission spectroscopy to such mechanistic problems as the photodissociation of haloaromatic compounds, the visual transduction process, and inter-molecular photoinitiated electron transfer. 

When the spectral characteristics of the source itself are of primary interest, dispersive or ftir spectrometers are readily adapted to emission spectroscopy. Commercial instruments usually have a port that can accept an input beam without disturbing the usual source optics. Infrared emission spectroscopy at ambient or only moderately elevated temperatures has the advantage that no sample preparation is necessary. It is particularly applicable to opaque and highly scattering samples, anodized and painted surfaces, polymer films, and atmospheric species (135). The Voyager interferometric spectrometer (IRIS) spectra from the outer planets demonstrated the analytical capabilities of ftir emission spectroscopy. As an example of industrial... 

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