Operant place conditioning

Crowder, W.F. and Hutto, C.W.Jr. (1992) Operant place conditioning measures examined using morphine reinforcement. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 41, 825-835. 

A chemical reactor is an apparatus of any geometric configuration in which a chemical reaction takes place. Depending on the mode of operation, process conditions, and properties of the reaction mixture, reactors can differ from each other significantly. An apparatus for the continuous catalytic synthesis of ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen, operated at 720 K and 300 bar is completely different from a batch fermenter for the manufacture of ethanol from starch operated at 300 K and 1 bar. The mode of operation, process conditions, and physicochemical properties of the reaction mixture will be decisive in the selection of the shape and size of the reactor. 

The cylindrical reactor-applicator has steel wall with thickness dose to 30 mm. This thickness permits to reach internal pressures above 30 Mpa. These operating pressure conditions are above the critical point of water. The internal diameter of the reactor is 50 mm and its length is 500 mm. The system is powered simultaneously with two 6-kW generators placed at the both ends of the reactor. This simultaneous supply is necessary to overcome the penetration depth within water. 

Moderate (attenuation and limitation of effects) Use vacuum to reduce boiling point Reduce process temperatures and pressures Refrigerate storage vessels Dissolve hazardous material in safe solvent Operate at conditions where reactor runaway is not possible Place control rooms away from operations Separate pump rooms from other rooms Acoustically insulate noisy lines and equipment Barricade control rooms and tanks... 

The practical difficulty with carrying out a crystalhzation DTR process is the need to operate under conditions that allow selective crystalhzation of the least soluble diastereomer while permitting the racemization to take place. Amine racemization catalysts, such as SCRAM , Shvo, Pd/C, and Adam s, are more active at higher temperatures, which runs counter to the conditions required for crystaUization. A solution to this problem is to separate the diastereomeric resolution and racemization steps but couple them with a flow engineering design. In this way each reaction can be operated under optimal conditions for example, temperature, concentration and solvent, via an intermediary solvent exchange unit Since the racemization catalyst itself may affect the crystalhzation (or indeed the crystalhzation may affect the catalyst), it is preferred to keep them separate. This can be achieved by having the catalyst or product either permanently or temporarily in a different phase by immobilization, extraction, precipitation, distil-... 

Air filters operate under conditions of streamline flow as indicated by the streamlines drawn around a cylindrical fiber. It was assumed that capture of a particle takes place if any contact is made during its movement around the fiber. Once captured, the particle is not re-entrained in the air stream and deposited deeper in the bed. Support for this assumption has been found by using an atomized suspension of Staphylococcus albus and spores of Bacillus subtilisP Nevertheless, some fiber filters are treated with viscous oils, presumably to make capture more positive and to reduce re-entrainment. 

Unique atoms are randomly placed outside the forbidden zones in the unit cell, followed by automatic generation of their equivalent atoms based on symmetry operations. Placed atoms violating conditions (i) and (ii) above will be removed from further consideration otherwise, a data set containing unique T-atom coordinates will be saved. For distance calculation, the crystal coordinates are converted into Cartesian coordinates. 

Depending on the operating micromachining conditions and metal-electrolyte combinations, different anodic reactions take place at moderately high current densities. Rate of these reactions depend on the ability of the system to remove the reaction products as soon as they are formed and supply of fresh... 

In the food applications mentioned above it is impractical to remove components that could foul the membranes, because these are necessary constituents of the product. In such cases the process is operated under conditions that minimize fouling, and then the fouling that does occur is handled by cleaning in place (CIP). The CIP procedures can include soaking in brine, current reversal and washing with acid, base and nonionic surfactants. 

The experiment was conducted in an environmental chamber at 24°C (76°F), 60% relative humidity, air velocity less than 0.15 m/s (< 30 ft/min), and 15 air changes per hour. These conditions represent the "worst case" scenario based on the acceptable operating room conditions recommended by ASHRAE (7), The subjects were acclimated to the environmental conditions for 45 minutes while dressing and being instrumented with skin sensors. The skin temperature sensors were placed on the inner lower arm, chest, and calf. The subjects skin temperatures and subjective responses were recorded every 30 minutes during the two hour session. 

In the 1970s, there was a series of unanticipated operational events that occurred in commercial operating pressurized water reactors (PWRs) in the USA (NRC, 2012).These events resulted in pressures and temperatures in the RPV that were outside the P-TUmits specified for normal operation. The conditions associated with these unanticipated events could be placed into two categories. Rrst, there were approximately 30 transient events where the pressure in the RPV exceeded the allowable pressure at relatively low temperature. These events were isothermal pressure transients that generally occurred at temperatures below approximately 93 C (200°F) during reactor start-up. In many instances, the transient pressures were several times the allowable pressure. Typically, the transients occurred while the reactor coolant system was filled with water and were a result of operators failing to follow appropriate procedures to control and prevent... 

Major elements of an occupational safety and health program address recognition, evaluation, and control of hazards. The activities may include risk assessment and charting of probability and severity of potential incidents. The activities may deal with routine functions as well as non-routine functions. Changes in operations and conditions or equipment may also trigger these activities. Inspections, reviews, and other analysis methods will help identify the hazards, the likelihood of occurrence and the potential severity. For example, there should be inspections of repair and maintenance work to ensure that guards and other protections are in place or an area is clear of flammable and combustible materials and sources of heat and fire. Previous chapters offered several methods for hazard recognition and control. 

Will the failure or degradation of the component, system or structure during reactor operation place the reactor operation outside the boundaries of the operational limits and conditions of the reactor licence ... 

Objective data means information such as air monitoring data from industry-wide surveys or calculations based on the composition or chemical and physical properties of a substance demonstrating the employee exposure to chromium (VI) associated with a particular product or material or a specific process, operation, or activity. The data must reflect work-place conditions closely resembling the processes, types of material, control methods, work practices, and environmental conditions in the employer s current operations. 

To illustrate the above argument by a simple industrial example, consider the industrial steam reformer, where three reversible reactions are taking place catalytically in the reactor. If the industrial or experimental reactor is operating under conditions such that the exit conditions are close to the thermodynamic equilibrium of the mixture and the comparison between model predictions and industrial performance is based on exit conditions (which is actually the case, because it is quite difficult to measure profiles of variables along the length of an industrial steam reformer), then this comparison is not a valid check for the accuracy of the model with... 

The conditions under which a mass spectrometer operates places certain restraints on on-line chromatographic methods. While ionization can be assumed to be instantaneous, mass analysis is not. As an example, fast-scanning quadrupole and magnetic sector instruments provide scan speeds... 

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