Neuronal Response

The acquisition of neuronal response using noninvasive NIR spectroscopy is less well-known than the slower hemodynamic response. However, there is a great deal of potential for its development and verification via comparison with other modalities such as event-related potentials (ERP) [32]. The origins of optically sensing this fast signal (usually known as intrinsic optical signal or IOS for short) can be traced back to Cohen [14]. Cohen showed that neuronal activity elicits a fast 

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The M-channels (M for muscarine) are expressed in the peripheral sympathetic neurons and CNS. In the absence of acetylcholine, the M-channel opens at resting membrane potential and dampens neuronal responsiveness to synaptic inputs. Acetylcholine inhibits M-channel activity by activation of Ml receptor. 

Schoener, EP and Elkins, DP (1984) Neuronal response to dopamine in rat neostriatum. A push-pull perfusion study. Neuropharmacology 25 611-616. 

However, more recently, a functionally selective inhibitor of nNOS has been described — 7-nitroindazole (7-NI). It is puzzling that in vitro this compound has no selectivity for nNOS over eNOS but after systemic administration, fails to change blood pressure yet alters neuronal responses that are thought to result from production of NO. A suggested resolution of this action is that 7-NI is metabolised in the periphery but not the CNS, so that once it has crossed the blood-brain barrier, it can only act on nNOS. 

There are important inhibitory systems built into the control of events following C-fibre stimulation. Thus, during peripheral noxious stimulation, spinal mechanism, driven by NMDA-receptor-mediated activity, can become active to damp down further neuronal responses, the purine, adenosine (see Chapter 13), appears to be involved in this type of control and has been reported to be effective in humans with neuropathic pain. It is thought that the depolarisations caused by activation of the NMDA receptor increase the metabolic demand on neurons and so ATP utilisation increases. ATP then is metabolised to adenosene and the purine then acts on its inhibitory Ai receptor in the... 

Warenycia, M.W., and McKenzie, G.M. The role of afferents from the parafascicular-centromedian complex in the excitatory striatal neuronal response. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 8 757-760, 1984c. 

The spinal cord is the most anatomically inferior portion of the CNS and its functions are at the lowest level of sophistication (see Table 6.1). As mentioned earlier, the spinal cord receives sensory input from the periphery of the body and contains the cell bodies of motor neurons responsible for voluntary and involuntary movements. Once again, the involuntary and neurologically simple reflexes are processed entirely at the level of the spinal cord. Voluntary, deliberate movements are initiated and controlled by thought processes in the cerebrum. The second important function of the spinal cord is to transmit nerve impulses to and from the brain. Ascending pathways carry sensory input to higher levels of the CNS and descending pathways carry impulses from the brain to motor neurons in the spinal cord. 

Sastre, J. P., Sakai, K. Jouvet, M. (1981). Are the gigantocellular tegmental field neurons responsible for paradoxical sleep Brain Res. 229, 147-61. 

GABAergic neurons responsible for the inactivation of monoaminergic neurons during PS... 

Sakai, K. (1985). Neurons responsible for paradoxical sleep. In Sleep Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators, ed. A. Wauquier and Janssen Research Foundation. 

White F., Hu X., Zhang X., Wolf M. Repeated administration of cocaine or amphetamines alters neuronal responses to glutamate in the mesoaccumbens dopamine system. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 273 445, 1995. 

Hirst Yes, I have. I have stimulated the sympathetic changes with physiological frequencies of stimulation, loaded the animals with benextramine, an irreversible a blocker, and I can see no changes in the neuronal responses although the responses to circulating catecholamines are abolished. 

Hirst The neuronal response isn t changed by a blockade. We do get a neuronal response, which is purinergic. This suggested that any noradrenaline released reaches the smooth muscle in such a low concentration that it is without effect. 

Hirst I m in total agreement that there is some part of the neuronal response that is associated with sensitization. I examined force production and Ca2+ measurement following nerve stimulation in the annococcygeus muscle, and I could start to see sensitization after about 15 s of 2 Hz stimulation. If this is a reasonable physiological stimulus, you certainly start to see this in the same time-course as you are seeing there. 

Menkes, D. B., Baraban, J. M., and Aghajanian, G. K. (1981) Prazosin selectively antagonizes neuronal responses mediated by alpha-1-adrenoceptors in brain. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol., 317 273-275. 

A preference of hemodynamic response is mainly due to better contrast-to-noise ratio and the ease of comparability with fMRI BOLD response which is inversely related to changes in Hb, over measurement of neuronal activity. However, measurement of the fast neuronal response can potentially benefit NIR methods by addressing the inherent pitfalls of MBLL assumptions in slow response measurements. Fast response, aside from being a direct measurement of neuronal activity, also has the potential to provide better spatial resolution. 

When burned, sugars also increase the smoke levels of acetaldehyde, another potential nicotine reinforcing agent. Recent studies demonstrate that acetaldehyde enhances behavioral and neuronal responses to nicotine in both adolescent and adult rats (Belluzzi et al. 2005 Cao et al. 2007). In the early 1980s, DeNoble and coworkers at Philip Morris studied the behavioral effects of nicotine and acetaldehyde in... 

Dpving, K. B., Westerberg, H., and Johnsen, P. B. (1985). Role of olfaction in the behavior and neuronal responses of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, to hydrographic stratification. Caradian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 42,1658-1667. 

Wilson CL, Babb TL, Halgren E, et al Habituation of human limbic neuronal response to sensory stimulation. Exp Neurol 84 74-97, 1984 Wilson K Sex-related differences in drug disposition in man. Clin Pharmacokinet 9 189-202, 1984... 

EOs from different Lippia alba chemotypes showed behavioural effects. Greater effects were presented by chemotype 2 (with citral and limonene), while chemotype 1, containing citral, myrcene and limonene, decreased only the number of rearings in the open-field test [396]. The EO of lemon was found to modulate the behavioural and neuronal responses related to nociception, pain and anxiety [397, 398]. Thus, there is widespread and increasing interest in complementary and alternative medicines using EOs [399]. 

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