Open Control Systems definition

Open control system definitions presented by Chrysler, Ford GM in the original 1994 white paper, Requirements for Open, Modular Architecture Controllers for Applications in the Automotive Industry specify that open control systems must be ... 

There has been a move toward so-called "open systems" and more specifically Open Control Systems (OCSs) since the early 1990s. There are many different definitions of "open", but members of the control and information technology (IT) industry would broadly define "openness" as the ease with which different systems and sets of data can be integrated to provide a cohesive and encompassing solution. This combination of systems and data can broadly be defined as "open applications", with no inherent implication on where the specific application is executed. 

To fulfill the requirements of the IEEE definition and these criteria of openness, an open control system must be (Pritschow et al. 2001) ... 

Many control vendors claim very different products to be open systems. This requires a clear definition of open control systems. In the ISA dictionary open system is defined as one that complies with the requirements of the OSI reference model in its communication with other open system. Intuitively open can be defined as a combination of data connectivity and hardware and software portability. 

When you start working across the Internet, the chromatography data system becomes an open system and the FDA rule requires controls. Using FDA s definition of electronic records, the laboratory chromatography data system generates electronic records. Based upon the definition, laboratories will need to consider more than just the raw data tiles. One must also include the method tiles, mn sequence tiles, and the integration parameters used for the data analysis. The need for a comprehensive audit trail is a critical component of the FDA regulations. The audit trail is an electronic record and is subject to the same controls. 

Research users need full access to the functional elements of the spectrometer system and require the most efficient and flexible tools for MR sequence and application development. If the measurement methods delivered with the software do not adequately address the specific investigational requirements of a research team, modem NMR software is an open architecture for implementing new and more sophisticated functionality, with full direct access to all hardware controlling parameters. After evaluation, the new functionality can be developed with the help of toolbox functions that allow rapid prototyping and final builds, to enable the new sequence to be executed by non-experienced personnel and then used in routine applications. These toolboxes provide application oriented definitions and connect to standard mechanisms and routine interfaces, such as the geometry editor, configuration parameters or spectrometer adjustments. 

The Internet is a classic example of an open system in the definition of 21 CFR Part 11 Open system means an enviromnent in which system access is not controlled by persons who are responsible for the content of electronic records that are on the system. As illustrated in Figure 39.2. ISPs have access to data, which means the persons who are responsible for the content cannot control access to any data transferred through the Internet. 

Requirements for controls are based on definition of closed or open system. Under these definitions there isno direct correlation between, for example, using a publicphone line and an open system. Compliance with closed versus open standards is determined by how access rights to the data or documents are established and controlled by the owner(s) of this information. A system is defined as closed if access to the system containing the records or data is under the control of person(s) responsible for the content of the records or data in the system. A system is defined as open if access to the system is not under the control of the person(s) responsible for the content of the records therein. For example, dial-in retrieval over a public phone is closed where the records being accessed are under the control of the persons responsible for their content, whereas storage of records on a third party system is open because access to the records themselves is under the control of the third party. Sections 11.10 and 11.30 of the Final Rule list, respectively, the control measures required for establishing a closed or open system. 

The chemistry which is to be performed in this new plant belonging to a certain branch of the company usually can be characterized and classified with respect to certain boundary conditions. An example for one of these boimdaiy conditions could be the fact that all reactions are going to be performed in a quasi-open system. A quasiopen system shall be defined as a vessel, which is connected to at least one condenser, and which is operated under a pressure-controlled inert gas atmosphere. Looking at the definition of vapour pressure systems, their definition can be looked upon as a first step towards a credible worst case design. They are regarded as systems operated in a closed form with an increasing pressure following the vapour pressure curve up to the set pressure. 

In the sense of general control and the IT sector, a system could be open yet have sufficient security in place for it to be defined as a "closed" system under the definitions of 21 CFR 11. To avoid confusion hereafter, the term open will be used in the generic industry sense, and it should be assumed that such systems and applications may have such access restrictions in place to allow them to be defined as closed in accordance with 21 CFR 11 [1]. 

The definition of time as a variable following (or controlling) the extent of an energy conversion is a local definition, valid in the considered system, even if the same variable is used for all conversions whatever the involved subvarieties. This opens to other conceptions of time, as for instance in Einstein s theory of spacetime, in which time depends on the localization in space. Also, the Formal (jraph theory allows considering some possible discontinuity or a granular structure of time through the use of evolution operators that may differ from temporal derivations. 

The discharge capacity of the trap depends on the flow area of the valve orifice, the pressure drop across it, and the inlet temperature of the condensate. There is a considerable problem in measuring the pressure drop because hot condensate flashes as it passes through the valve orifice. Trap capacity is not truly defined by orifice size and pressure differential. Pressures upstream and downstream of the trap are also subject to variation, depending on calandria performance, flowrates, temperatures, and system back pressure. The orifice may never be fully open to flow because of the valve design. Nor can flow coefficients be measured with the same precision as for control valves, since the valve stem in the trap is often not definitely located with reference to the orifice. 

These two definitions of a biomaterial are open to interpretation. The more restrictive interpretation limits the concept of biomaterials to structural materials only, but to the global scientific community, so Umited an interpretation is not generally accepted. A broader interpretation also includes materials, especially polymers, used as components of systems for the controlled release of drugs. 

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