Modular architecture

Similar residues in the cores of protein structures especially hydrophobic residues at the same positions, are responsible for common folds of homologous proteins. Certain sequence profiles of conserved residue successions have been identified which give rise to a common fold of protein domains. They are organized in the smart database (simple modular architecture research tool) http //smait.embl-heidelberg.de. 

Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the modular architecture of selected pharmaceutically relevant SH2 domain-containing targets involved in signal transduction. For further details refer to http //smart.embl-heidelberg.de [9,10]...

P,A/-ligand. These hybrid ligands have been found to afford superior results in various metal-catalyzed processes. In addition, their modular architecture enables systematic fine tuning of a generalized structure to suit a specific process. 

MODULAR ARCHITECTURE, WITH FIBER-OPTIC SMART STRUCTURES... 

Although domains are often mobile and occur in many different modular architectures, it is notable that the co-occurrence of domains within single polypeptides is far from random, since a domain is usually found to co-occur only with a small subset of all domain types. When two domain types are not observed within the same molecule, it is likely that their activities are antagonistic, thereby effectively neutralizing the overall function of the molecule. Such an example is provided by protein kinase and phosphatase domains that are not currently known to cooccur within the same molecule. However, the reasons that functionally distinct and otherwise widespread domains have never yet been found together, such as signaling PDZ and SH2 domains, remains elusive. 

Schultz, J., et al., SMART, a simple modular architecture research tool identification of signaling domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1998, 95(11), 5857-64. 

When a structured and modular architecture is used, the software becomes easier to read, troubleshoot, modify, and extend. It quickly becomes obvious that a structured approach is vital in these flexible yet complex systems. 

The modular architecture of RNA structure lends some support to the assumption that adding duplexes at the ends of the molecule will not generally perturb its behavior (Brion and Westhof, 1997 Tinoco and Bustamante, 1999). Single molecule studies demonstrated that the overall folding rate, substrate docking rate and catalysis by the Tetrahymena group I... 

Sparse Matrix Methods. In order to get around the limitations of the sequential modular architecture for use in design and optimization, alternate approaches to solving flowsheeting problems have been investigated. Attempts to solve all or many of the nonlinear equations simultaneously has led to considerable interest in sparse matrix methods generally as a result of using the Newton-Raphson method or Broyden s method (22, 23, 24 ). ... 

Sequential Modular. By far the most experience with flowsheeting systems has been with the sequential modular architecture (59- 3). It is this architecture that is most easily understood by the process engineer. Each module calculates all output streams from input streams subject to module parameters. Generally, the stream variables consist of component flows, temperature (or enthalpy) and pressure as the independent variables. Other dependent variables such as total flow, fraction vapor and total enthalpy (or temperature) are often carried in the stream. 

There are two major problems which arise in sequential modular architectures which seriously affect their solution efficiency ... 

Simultaneous modular architecture can probably be further broken down into two categories. 

For convergence calculations ASPEN employs some advanced features with the well-proven sequential modular architecture. 

Another potential advancement is permitted in the ASPEN system. Tear streams can be designated as desired, so that a user might define blocks or series of blocks and simulate these sets as quasi-linear blocks. The convergence method could utilize this information and solve the material (and energy) balances explicitly. In this way, a simultaneous modular architecture could be utilized. Implementation of these programs will be for later enhancements of ASPEN, not the initial version. 

TEMIS (http //www.temis.com/) Luxid (see Figure 7.8), the text mining solution offered by TEMIS, is a service-oriented, modular architecture built on the UIMA78 framework. The identification in, and extraction from, text of biological and chemical information is mediated by dedicated modules for biological and chemical entities. Relationships between biological and chemical entities are identified through dedicated rule-based and... 

Modar is also the trade name for a range of acrylic resins and the name of a maker of modular architectural components. 

The colinearity of the modular architecture and the minimal catalytic domains within a module are observed in most multimodular PKSs known to date. However, there are several subclasses of PKSs that exhibit intriguing structural and biochemical features not observed among the best-known multimodular PKSs. 

Revalidation does not necessarily imply a full repeat of the validation life cycle partial requalification is acceptable when justified. An analysis of changes implemented can be used to ho help determine how much revalidation is needed. Were there changes evenly spread throughout the system (sporadic) or were there focal points Computer systems with modular architectures may allow revalidation to be segregated to particular functional elements. 

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