Oncology antibodies

Carter, R, Smith, L., and Ryan, M. (2004) Identification and validation of cell surface antigens for antibody targeting in oncology. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 11, 659-687. 

Order, S.E. (1982) Monoclonal antibodies potential in radiation therapy and oncology. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 8, 1193-1201. 

Mabcampath (EU) or Campath (USA) alemtuzumab a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against CD52 surface antigen of B-lymphocytes) Millennium ILEX (EU) Berlex, ILEX Oncology Millennium Pharmaceuticals (USA) Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia... 

For hackgronnd information on monoclonal antibodies and targeted oncology drngs, see A. Gschwind, O. M. Fischer, and A. Ullrich, Nat Rev Cancer 4 361-70 (2004). 

Trikha M, Yan L, Nakada MT. Monoclonal antibodies as therapeutics in oncology. Curr Opin Biotechndl 2002 13 609-14. 

Spooner, R A and Lord, J. M. (1991) Expression of antibody-ricin A chain fusions in mammalian cells, in Monoclonal Antibodies Applications in Clinical Oncology (Epenetos, A A., ed), Chapman and Hall Medical, New York, pp 65-77... 

Gene therapy, immune system modulation and genetically-engineered antibodies entered the clinic in the war against cancer. The Journal of Clinical Oncology (1995). 

Tanner JE. Designing antibodies for oncology. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2005 24 585-598. 

It is forecast that up to the end of the current decade, the research focus regarding therapeutic mAbs will be on two categories oncology and arthritis, and inflammatory and immune disorders. A significant increase of sales is expected up to 2008 for chimeric mAbs, in absolute terms, and for human and humanized mAbs, in relative terms (Figure 16.2). Up to now, murine mAbs are those with the lowest approval rate (4.5%), whereas the chimeric are the most successful (26%). The approval rates for humanized mAbs (18%) and human antibodies (14%) were intermediate. However, as most of the last two types are still under development, the approval situation may change significantly in the future (Reichert and Pavlou, 2004). 

About 40 small protein or peptide drugs are currently in clinical use with an estimated annual market of US 1 billion. These include insulin, parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, growth hormones, and so on [127], In oncology, several antibodies directed against surface proteins have entered the market over the last years, including herceptin in breast cancer, cetux-imab in CRC, imatinib in gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and so on. 

It can be deduced from Table 39.1 that most biopharmaceuticals approved to date are monoclonal antibodies and the most common indication is oncology. However, barring oncology, the biopharmaceuticals span an impressive range of indications. In addition to monoclonal antibodies, other prevalent types of biopharmaceuticals are fusion or conjugate proteins, growth factors, replacement enzymes, and peptides. Cellular and tissue therapies are rarer but becoming more prevalent. 

SLE is most commonly diagnosed by the clinical constellation of signs and antinuclear antibody testing, anti-double-stranded DNA, the Smith and RNP antibodies, and antibodies to RO and LA (SS-A and SS-B). The suspicion of leukemia requires a hematology and oncology workup that includes a complete blood count. Primary tumors of the optic nerve are diagnosed based on appearance, growth, and, occasionally, biopsy. 

---