Oil and Gas Pipelines

Industrial and cryogenic applications create challenges comparable to those in the oil and gas industry, and thus, are easily met by Cabot s aerogel products. Thermal performance, durability, and ease of application are top concerns when insulating piping, transport 

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Covers all land eastwards to the Urals, southwards to North Africa and up to Syria, Iraq and Iran. Scale - 1 5,500,000, 4-colour artwork. Features main roads, railways, oil and gas pipelines, plus extra information including national flags, currencies and populations. 

On the oil and gas pipelines more than 100 big accidents happens yearly and, unfortunately, the situation will become even worse in the nearest future. 

To support them, therefore, immense activities are prompted both in pubh c private sectors with increasing importance on NDT. The particular application of radiography using Ir-192 isotopes for industrial production, construction maintenance of industries, power plants, oil and gas pipelines plants, railway, aviation systems, naval structures and vessels, etc is currently in the fore front for its reliabih ly, ease of application record keeping advantages. 

Data compiled by the U.S. DOT iadicate that pipeline transport is the safest materials transport mode, particularly over long distances. In 1990, fataUties attributed to oil and gas pipelines were significantly lower (8 out of 4679) for all materials transporters ia the United States, compared with 599 for rail transport and 3281 for motor transport (tmcks) (53). 

A comprehensive study of the soil and microbial situation in the backfilled zone of pipe-line ditches has shown a number of significant facts ". The results of over a thousand bell-hole studies along operating oil and gas pipelines in widely separated geographical areas of the United States has led to the conclusion that the pipe-line ditch represents a marked disturbance of the... 

These same diamine materials find further application in, for example, formulations for mussel and barnacle control in large once-through, condenser cooling systems, as corrosion inhibitors and biostats for hydrostatic testing of oil and gas pipelines, and as corrosion inhibitors in food industry retort cookers. 

The main problem of hydrate formation will arise in pipelines transporting natural gas, because gas hydrates are solids and will leave deposits. The solid deposits reduce the effective diameter of the pipeline and can therefore restrict or even clog the flow properties. Furthermore, the formation of condensates, hydrates, or ice may occur in the course of decompression of natural gas stored in natural reservoirs (e.g., in salt caverns). The operation of oil and gas pipelines in the deep sea is significantly complicated by the formation of gas hydrates [1204]. Experience indicates that large gas hydrate plugs in gas and oil pipelines form most actively during the period of an unforeseen long shut-down. In static conditions, three types of hydrate crystals can be formed [1153] ... 

Magnesium, zinc, or aluminum blocks are anached to ships hulls, oil and gas pipelines, underground iron pipes, and gasoline storage tanks. These reactive metals provide cathodic protection by acting as a sacrificial anode. 

Currently, the only area where gas hydrates are practiced on an industrial scale is the area of flow assurance in oil and gas pipelines (Sloan, 1998 2005). This subject was reviewed recently by Kelland (2006). The oil and gas industry has relied mostly on the use of methanol and glycols to avoid plugging of transportation and processing facilities (Dholabhai et al. 

It is apparent from the preceding discussion of objectives that two factors are most significant in the design of oil-gas separation systems. These are the vapor pressure of the crude oil, and gas pipeline considerations which influence the hydrocarbon dewpoint of the produced gas. Some further discussion of these two factors may be helpful. 

U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) statistics on liquids pipelines operated under the Code of Federal Regulations (49) indicate that corrosion was the second largest contributor to accidents and failures for the period from 1982 to 1991. These statistics covered an average of 344,575 km of liquids pipelines and were derived from required reports to DOT on all pipeline accidents involving loss of at least 7.95 m3 of liquid, death or bodily harm to any person, fire or explosion, loss of at least 0.8 m3 of highly volatile liquid, or property damage of 5000 or more (50). Similar results were also reported for 1991 in the 1992 DOT/OPS report on both oil and gas pipeline incidents 62 out of 210 oil pipeline incidents were due to corrosion, of which 74% were due to external corrosion (43). For gas pipelines, 16 of all 71 reported incidents were due to corrosion, of which 63% were reported as due to internal corrosion however, internal corrosion of gas pipelines is likely only if C02 and H20 and/or H2S are present, as with unprocessed gas in gathering lines. 

Keywords Oil and gas pipeline economics, pipeline investment risks, risk mitigation... 

Production, total and marginal cost functions of oil and gas pipelines... 

First of all, all violations of land cover, landfill sites, polluted territories, routes taken by oil and gas pipelines, sources (known and hypothetical) of pollutants of soil, water, and atmosphere, zones of flooding as a result of anthropogenic activity should be brought to light and included in databases. Estimates of some parameters of the systems of the Arctic Basin are given in Tables 6.3 through 6.5. 

Clearly, hydrogen infrastructure designers would be very strategic about where pipelines are placed to minimize total construction costs. The problem in the near term (the first two decades of this century) is that it is far from clear where hydrogen will be produced and far from certain that hydrogen will succeed in the marketplace. Siting major new oil and gas pipelines is often politically and environmentally controversial, but in both cases we know where the source of the oil and gas is, and typically we know with some con-... 

With the growth in economic potential seen recently in the Circum-Black Sea countries the environmental stress may be aggravated. The main causes include construction of new and rehabilitation of existing sea ports, revival of the merchant and tanker fleet, consolidation of the naval component, construction of oil and gas pipelines and hydrocarbon extraction, development of health resorts and recreation activities. 

Because of the construction of oil and gas pipelines on the floor of the Black Sea and to the intensification of the geological prospecting and transportation of hydrocarbons in the sea, the issues of the studies of the water dynamics in the deep-sea layers and of the topography and structure of the upper layer of the sediments in the Black Sea basin becomes especially urgent. 

Siting major new oil and gas pipelines is often political and environmentally litigious. Political pressures may favor one location over another. Whether global warming concerns will be enough to override other considerations is still unknown. Pipelines are more likely to be used for hydrogen transport once there is real demand. 

J. O. Harris, Microbiological Studies Reveal Significant Factors in Oil and Gas Pipeline Back-Filled Ditches, Technical Bulletin 102, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kans., 1959. 

General Attacks (Pipeline) Worldwide, there have been numerous reported attacks on oil and gas pipelines with the intent to create economic disruptions. 

Rubber-free inhibited sealants based on plasticized thermoplastics have been developed for oil and gas pipelines. A non-drying plastic material [10] in the form of a gel is based on PE and a tar of mineral and vegetable oils, which is used as a plasticizing and anticorrosion additive. PE gels are filled with fibers and powder particles to improve the strength of sealing layers [11]. For PE-compatible Cl a synergetic mixture of potassium and... 

Meshkati, N. (1996), Organizational and Safety Factors in Automated Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems, in Automation and Human Performance Theory and Applications, R. Parasuraman and M. Mouloua, Eds., Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 427-446. 

The total cost of material fracture is about 4% of gross domestic product in the United States and Europe (88,89). Fracture modes included in the cost estimates were stress-induced failures (tension, compression, flexure, and shear), overload, deformation, and time-dependent modes, such as fatigue, creep, SCC, and embrittlement. The environmentally assisted corrosion problem is very much involved in the maintenance of the safety and reliability of potentially dangerous engineering systems, such as nuclear power plants, fossil fuel power plants, oil and gas pipelines, oil production platforms, aircraft and aerospace technologies, chemical plants, and so on. Losses because of environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) of materials amount to many billions of dollars annually and is on the increase globally (87). 

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