Foliation dense

The high percent of unaccounted spray is likely due to filtration of the spray by foliage, and not to drift or evaporation. The effect was pronounced in the Ocala sand pine, a more densely foliated species than the slash pine. Dense foliage acts as fibers in a filter. As the number of fibers increase there are fewer open spaces for drops to penetrate without colliding with a fiber, in this case a needle. As the foliage collects drops at the upper crown there are fewer available to the lower crown levels. These results suggest that pines, even with their sparse foliage compared to spruce and fir, are efficient collectors of spray drops. 

The Florida seed orchard project conducted in 1980 (16) provided an opportunity to study drop deposit on needles of two distinct pine species. Five gallons of a dyed water base tank mix was applied per acre by aircraft. Drop stains were counted on needles microscopically. The VMD of the spray as determined on Kromekote cards was approximately 350 ym. Depending upon tree species and crown level, drop stains per centimeter length of needle ranged from 0.5 to 17.7 drops. A higher drop density was observed on the sparsely foliated slash pine than on the dense foliated Ocala sand pine (Table XI). A significantly greater density of drops was observed in the upper crown of both species as compared to the lower crown. 

Under this assumption, the (global) surface to volume ratio can be estimated from the (local) intrinsic geometry alone using the relations derived already for parallel surfaces. The volume is tiled without overlap or gaps by a dense foliation of parallel surfaces from the original (homogeneous) surface. For example, the (internal) volume, V, of a sphere is related to the area of the sphere. A, by the local relation (4.3), valid eveiywhere on the sphere. 

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