Monoterpenes emission

Benjamin, M. T M. Sudol, L. Bloch, and A. M. Winer, Low-Emitting Urban Forests A Taxonomic Methodology for Assigning Isoprene and Monoterpene Emission Rates, Atmos. Environ., 30, 1437-1452 (1996). 

Guenther, A. B P. R. Zimmerman, P. C. Harley, R. K. Monson, and R. Fall, Isoprene and Monoterpene Emission Rate Variability Model Evaluations and Sensitivity Analyses, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 12609-12617 (1993). 

Juuti, S., J. Arey, and R. Atkinson, Monoterpene Emission Rate Measurements from a Monterey Pine, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 7515-7519 (1990). 

Staudt, M., N. Bertin, U. Hansen, G. Seufert, P. Ciccioli, P. Foster, B. Frenzel, and J.-L. Fugit, Seasonal and Diurnal Patterns of Monoterpene Emissions from Pinus pinea (L.), under Field Conditions, Atmos. Enriron., 31, 145-156 (1997). 

Tingey, D. T M. Manning, L. C. Grothaus, and W. F. Burns, Influence of Light and Temperature on Monoterpene Emission Rates from Slash Pine, Plant Physiol, 65, 797-801 (1980). 

Loreto F., R.J. Fischbach, J.-P. Schnitzler, P. Ciccioli, E. Brancaleoni, C. Calfapietra and G. Seufert Monoterpene emission and monoterpene synthase activities in the Mediterranean evergreen oak Quercus ilexL. grown at elevated CO2 concentrations. Global Change Biol. 1 (2001) 709-717. 

We have incorporated this hypothesis into Fig. 4.14, which is an expanded tritrophic version of Fig. 4.9. The top of this diagram now includes feedback between tunneling, which elicits oxygenated terpene and monoterpene emission and resulting arrival by predators and competitors, and impacts of these predators and competitors on beetle reproduction. Both of these relationships are well supported in the literature. " However, this model also proposes that the spatial and temporal patterns of host availability, in terms of both compromised tree defenses and beetle perception of these alterations, affect natural enemy numbers. Natural enemy populations in turn affect beetle population size, which in turn affects host acceptance behavior (Fig. 4.14 center). 

Penuelas, J., Llusia, J., Filella, I. (2007) Methyl sahcylate fumigation increases monoterpene emission rates. Biologia Plantarum, 51, 372-376. 

Ruuskanen,T.M., Kolari, R, Back, J., Kulmala, M., Rinne, J., Hakola, H.,Taipale, R., Raivonen, M., Altimir,N., Hari, P. (2005) On-line fleld measurements of monoterpene emissions from Scots pine by proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry. Boreal Environment Research, 10, 553-567. 

It has been suggested that volatile terpenes play a similar dual action inside the leaves and participate in ozone quenching in the intercellular spaces before they are released into the atmosphere. In plants exposed to ozone either a reduction or an increase of isoprene and monoterpene emission is observed. Particularly high ozone concentrations induce the terpene emission often as a result of cellular damage. There is evidence that volatile terpenes are able to reduce ozone damage and to quench ozone and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, it has been demonstrated in tropical forests a large fraction of total plant sesquiterpene... 

Raisanen T, Ryyppo A, Kellomaki S (2009) Monoterpene emission of a boreal pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest. Agric For Meteorol 149 808-819... 

One-year-old plants of slash pine had increased oleoresin production after flooding [63], Site fertilization increased constitutive flow of resin in 6-year-old loblolly pine [72], but reduced it in 11-year-old plants [22], Rates of monoterpenes emission increased exponentially with temperature in slash pine [70] and P. halepensis [66], However, variable emissirm responses were observed in Aleppo pine plants after exposure to different irradiance levels and limited water availability [66], Light and water stresses reduced the constitutive level of monoterpene cyclase activity in Grand fir saplings [62], Highest production of oleoresin in slash pine was observed in spring [54, 73] when compared to other seasons examined. 

Tingey DT, Manning M, Grothaus LC, Bums WF (1980) Influence of light and temperature on monoterpene emission rates from slash pine. Plant Physiol 65(5) 797-801 Tisdale RA, Nebeker TE, Hodges JD (2003) The role of oleoresin flow in the induced response of loblolly pine to a southern pine beetle associated fungus. Can J Bot 81 368-374... 

This basic picture of organic aerosol was relatively well developed by the end of the 1990s. Chemical transport models were fed by inventories for POA emissions from a wide array of sources, and those emissions were treated in a variety of microphysics modules as effectively non-volatile and often chemically inert particles [19, 20]. SOA models evolved from relatively primitive treatments that simply converted a fixed fraction of VOC emissions into equally non-volatile secondary material (for example 12% of monoterpene emissions) to more sophisticated two-product representations that treated the equilibrium partitioning of surrogate species based on smog-chamber experiments [21-23]. Even today some global-scale models represent SOA as a fixed non-volatile fraction of VOC emissions [24, 25]. 

Schade et al. used PTR-MS to measure in-canopy mixing ratio gradients and abovecanopy fluxes of several VOCs (methanol, acetone, monoterpenes) in a European beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest in Denmark [89]. A relaxed eddy accumulation method was used for the determination of the above-canopy fluxes. The monoterpene emissions and in-canopy mixing ratios showed a diurnal cycle which was found to be consistent with light-dependent emissions, in contrast to temperature-only-driven emissions that had been observed for most conifer species. The measurements also showed that deposition of methanol occurred mostly during the day and that acetone was only emitted once ambient temperatures went above 20°C. 

Holzinger, R Lee, A., McKay, M., Goldstein, A. H. (2006) Seasonal variability of monoterpene emission factors for a Ponderosa pine plantation in California. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6, 1267. 

Lalifmeur, Q Aubinet, M., Schoon, N. et al. (2011) Isoprene and monoterpene emissions from a mixed temperate forest. Atmos. Environ. 45,3157. 

Jo6, E., Dewulf, J., Demarcke, M. et al. (2010) Quantification of interferences in PTRMS measurements of monoterpene emissions from Fagus sylvatica L. using simultaneous TD-GC-MS measurements. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 291, 90. 

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