Of Metallic Principles

From the salts of which we have just spoken, and from their vapours is made the Mercury which the ancients have called mineral sperm. From this Mercury and from Sulphur, whether pure or impure, are made all the metals, whether in the interior of the earth, or on its surface. 

When the Elements, corporified by their union, take the form of Saltpetre, or Tartar, and of Vitriol, the Fire of Nature, excited by solar heat, digests the humidity which the dryness of these salts attracts, and separating the pure from the impure, the Salt from the Earth, the homogeneous parts from the heterogeneous, it thickens the mineral sperm into quicksilver, then into a metal pure or impure, according to the mixture and to the quality of the matrix. 

The diversity of Sulphur and of Mercury, more or less pure, and more or less digested, their union and their different combinations give rise to the numerous family of the mineral kingdom. Stones, marcassites, minerals, differ according to the variety of their matrices and the greater or less degree of coction. 

Philosophers have seemingly spoken of this Matter only to conceal it at least when there is a question of designating it particularly. But when they speak of it in general they enlarge very much upon its qualities and properties they give to it all the names of the individuals of the Universe, because they say it is the principle and basis of them. Investigate, say the Cosmopolite, Tract I), and see if what you propose to do, is conformable to what Nature can do. See what materials she employs and what vase she uses. If you wish to do only what she does, follow her step by step. If you wish to do better, see what can best serve for this purpose but remain always in natures of the same kind. If, 

A Solvent, according to Basil Valentin and a few other Philosophers. 

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Cintas, P. Activated Metals in Organic Synthesis. CRC Press Boca Raton, 1993, pp. 61-70 Luche, J.L. Cintas, P. Ultrasound-Induced Activation of Metals Principles and Applications in Organic Synthesis. (Edit. Fuerstner, A.). VCH Weinheim, 1996, pp. 133-190. 

For a treatment of these experimental demonstrations of the tj es and relative proportions of metallic principles, see William R. Newman, Alchemy, Assaying, and Experiment, in Instruments and Experimentation in the History of Chemistry, ed. Frederic L. Holmes and Trevor H. Levere (Cambridge, MA MIT Press, 2000), pp. 35-54, especially pp. 46-49. For Geber s corpuscular explanations of assaying, see Newman, Pseudo-Geber, pp. 769-776. 

Burakowski, T., and Wierzchon, T. 1999. Surface engineering of metals principles, equipment, technologies. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press LLC. 

T. Burakowski, T. Wierzchon, Surface Engineering of Metals Principles, Equipment, Technologies , CRC Press, 1999, p. 194. 

Fig. 1. A diagram of the principle of the contact probe during the study of the metal matenal structure Ho - field produced by the probe, Hp - field ensuring the measuring signal, Hw - field produced by eddy currents.

Watson S C and Carter E A 2000 Linear-scaling parallel algorithms for the first principles treatment of metals Comp. Pbys. Common. 128 67-92... 

Give an account of the principles underlying the extraction of metals from their oxides, illustrating your answer by specific examples. 

D. R. Gabe, Principles of Metal Suface Treatment and Protection, 2nd ed., Pergamon Press, Inc., Ehnsford, N.Y., 1978. 

Recovery of Metal from Solution. The same chemical principles govern the recovery of an element or compound from solution, whether it is the main metal to be processed or an impurity to be removed. 

The principle of this method depends on the formation of a reversible diastereomeric complex between amino acid enantiomers and chiral addends, by coordination to metal, hydrogen bonding, or ion—ion mutual action, in the presence of metal ion if necessary. L-Proline (60), T.-phenylalanine (61),... 

R. W. Heine and P. C. Rosenthal, Principles of Metal Casting McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, 1955. 

There are a wide variety of coatiag appHcatioas processes ia use. The majority of these techniques are similar to those used ia other coatiags iadustries, and the same basic operating principles apply to these uses as to coatiag a photographic film or a coil of metal for a refrigerator. 

Correct application of this principle can lead to what would appear to he peculiar recommendations. For example, if just one member of a couple is to be coated, it should be the noble member. Most coating systems leave holidays or tiny openings where the metal is exposed. If the active metal is coated, the area of exposure at the holidays can be quite small compared to the area of the noble metal, resulting in an unfavorable area ratio. On the other hand, if the noble metal is coated, the holidays provide a small cathodic area and hence a highly favorable area ratio with respect to the active metal. Similarly, if dissimilar metal fasteners must be used, they should be noble relative to the metals being fastened (see Case History 16.1). 

Evans, U. R., Corrosion and Oxidation of Metals Scientific Principles and Practical Applications, Edward Arnold Ltd., London, 1960. 

This rule conforms with the principle of equipartition of energy, first enunciated by Maxwell, that the heat capacity of an elemental solid, which reflected the vibrational energy of a tliree-dimensional solid, should be equal to 3f JK moH The anomaly that the free electron dreory of metals described a metal as having a tliree-dimensional sUmcture of ion-cores with a three-dimensional gas of free electrons required that the electron gas should add anodier (3/2)7 to the heat capacity if the electrons behaved like a normal gas as described in Maxwell s kinetic theory, whereas die quanmtii theory of free electrons shows that diese quantum particles do not contribute to the heat capacity to the classical extent, and only add a very small component to the heat capacity. 

J. P. Chilton, Principles of Metallic Corrosion, 2nd edition. The Chemical Society, 1973, Chap. 2. M. G. Fontana and N. D. Greene, Corrosion Engineering, McGraw Hill, 1967, Chap. 11. 

Practical measurements providing data on corrosion risk or cathodic protection are predominantly electrical in nature. In principle they concern the determination of the three principal parameters of electrical technology voltage, current, and resistance. Also the measurement of the potential of metals in soil or in electrolytes is a high-resistance measurement of the voltage between the object and reference electrode and thus does not draw any current (see Table 3-1). 

Barrett, C.S. and Massalski, T.B. (1966) Structure of Metals crystallographic methods, principles and data, 3rd edition. Chapters 11 and 18 (McGraw-Hill, New York). The first and second editions appeared in 1943 and 1952, under Barrett s sole authorship. 

In Britain, a population of thermal reactors fuelled by metallic uranium have remained in use, side by side with more modern ones (to that extent. Lander et al. were not quite correct about the universal abandonment of metallic uranium). In 1956, Cottrell (who was then w orking for the Atomic Energy Authority) identified from first principles a mechanism which would cause metallic (ot) uranium to creep rapidly under small applied stress this was linked with the differential expansion of... 

Much earlier than these encyclopedias is a book first published in 1941 (Chalmers and Quarrell 1941, I960) and devoted to the physical examination of metals . This multiauthor book includes some recondite methods, such as the study of the damping capacity of solids (Section 5.1). In the second edition, the authors remark Not the least of the many changes that have taken place since the first edition appeared has been in the attitude of the metallurgist to pure science and to modern techniques involving scientific principles. The two editions span the period to which I have attributed the quantitative revolution , in Chapter 5. 

The upshot of all this research since 1954 is rather modest, with the exception of the GE research, which indicates that techniques and individual materials have to be married up an approach which is crucial for one material may not be very productive for another. This is of course not to say that this 40-year programme of research was wasted. The initial presumption of the potential value of ultra-pure metals was reasonable it is the obverse of the well-established principle that minor impurities and dopants can have major effects on the properties of metals. 

Use of the K p for precipitation information is often complicated by a number of interfering factors including complexation of metallic ions, high ionic strength solutions, and high solids contents. This principle is applicable solely to ionic compounds, i.e., primarily inorganic compounds. 

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