Of glycosphingolipids from

The procedure of isolating the glycosphingolipids is based on their physicochemical properties. The presence of the lipophilic, lipid moiety results in their solubility in such typical solvents for lipids as chloroform-methanol. On the other hand, the presence of the carbohydrate moiety imparts to them hydrophilic properties that increase with increase in the length of the carbohydrate chain and with the presence of such polar monosaccharides as sialic acid. This very property makes it possible to subdivide the glycolipids further, according to their polarity. In principle, the isolation of glycosphingolipids from marine animals does not differ from their isolation from other sources, a procedure comprehensively elucidated in a number of reviews.80 88... 

Khoo, K.H., Chatterjee, D., Caulfield, J.P., Morris, H.R. and Dell, A. (1997a) Structural characterization of glycosphingolipids from the eggs of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum. Clycobiology 7, 653-661. 

Comparison of glycosphingolipids from human and chicken skeletal muscle. The elution of gangliosides from DEAE-Sephadex A 50 column with these 0.01, 0.02 and 0.2 M sodium acetate concentrations separated the gangliosides into mono-, di- and poly-sialo- fractions. The gangliosides of human muscle are shown in Fig. 1A. The monosialogangliosides GM3, GM2 and GM1 were eluted with 0.01 M sodium acetate in methanol (lane 2), GD3 and GDla with the 0.02 M solvent (lane 4) and others with 0.2 M acetate... 

Noda N, Tanaka R, Miyahara K, Kawasaki T. Isolation and characterization of a novel type of glycosphingolipid from Neanthes diversicolor. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1993 1169 30-38. 

Wagner and Zofcsik131 have described the isolation and characterization of glycosphingolipids from Candida utilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Fractions containing a phosphate group are structurally similar to the phytoglycosphingolipids already described, but are simpler. 

Fig. 5. Nomenclature and symbolic representations of the major subcategories of glycosphingolipids, from the simple (GlcCer and GalCer) to the root structures. All except Mollu and Arthro are present in mammalian cells. The glycan symbols are as in Fig. 8.

The aim of this chapter is to cover general aspects of glycolipid structural diversity and more specifically the structural characterization and possible biological functions of glycosphingolipids from fungi and protozoa. 

Except for brain gangliosides, which contain mainly stearic acid, all glycosphingolipids from mammalian material show a high content of C22 and C24 fatty acids. Nevertheless, the fatty acid patterns of glycosphingolipids from various organs are different and specific, as shown for spleen (Suomi and Agranoff, 1965) and kidney (Martens-son, 1966a,b). 

The fatty acids of glycosphingolipids from bivalve oyster gills Ostrea gigas) (Hayashi and Matsubara, 1966) and from tissue of fish (shellfish, Carbicula sandal) (Hori et ah, 1968) have a shorter chain with Cjg g and Cjg g acids predominating. 

Gerdt, S., Lochnit, G., Dennis, R.D. and Geyer, R. (1997) Isolation and structural analysis of three neutral glycosphingolipids from a mixed population of Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematoda Rhabditdida). Glycobiology 7, 265-275. 

Teneberg, S., Angstrom, J., and Ljungh, A. (2004). Carbohydrate recognition by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Characterization of a novel glycosphingolipid from cat small intestine. Glycobiology 14, 187-196. 

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