Brain gangliosides

De Baecque C, Johnson AB, Naiki M, Schwarting G, Marcus DM. Ganglioside localization in cerebellar cortex an immunoperoxidase study with antibody to GMl ganglioside. Brain Res. 1976 114(1) 117-122. 

A (Hex A) catalyzing the biodegradation of gangliosides. Accumulation of gangliosides in lysosomes primarily affects brain neurons. In the early onset form of the disease, children become blind, deaf, and unable to swallow. Children die usually before the age of three. A late onset form ofthe disease occurs in young adults and is usually nonfatal. 

Khan NA, Hasan M. 1988. Dose-related neurochemical changes in the levels of gangliosides and glycogen in various regions of the rat brain and spinal cord following methyl parathion administration. Exp Pathol 35 61-65. 

Partially purified brain gangliosides Chloroform-methanol-extracted >500... 

Materials. Egg phosphatidylcholine (PC), bovine brain phosphatidylserine (PS) were obtained from Avanti Polar Lipids Inc. (Birmingham, AL) and cholesterol was from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). Ganglioside GMj, bovine, was obtained from Calbiochem (San Diego, CA). Diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid distearylamide complex (DPTA-SA) was synthesized according to ref. 17 and nlIn-DTPA-SA was prepared as described (7). This lipophilic radiolabel is not transferred to the serum components from liposomes (unpublished data), nor is it rapidly metabolized in vivo (7). The synthesis of N-(glutaryl)phosphatidylethanolamine(NGPE) has been described (18). Dipalmitoyl deoxyfluorouridine(dpFUdR) was synthesized as described (24). 

FIGURE 3-3 Structure of some simple sphingolipids. X may be a complex polysaccharide either containing sialic acid (gangliosides) or not (globosides). See also Figures 3-4 and 3-9 for the nomenclature and structure of some of the complex brain sphingolipids. 

Laouini, D., Kennou, M. R, Khoufi, S. and Dellagi, K. Antibodies to human myelin proteins and gangliosides in patients with acute neuroparalytic accidents induced by brain-derived rabies vaccine. /. Neuroimmunol. 91 63-72, 1998. 

Among the gangliosides, GM4 [ct-NeuAc-(2 — 3)-/ -Gal-(l — 0)-Cer] has a relatively simple chemical structure. It has been detected in human and chicken brain and also (119) as a major ganglioside of mouse erythrocytes, chicken-embryonic liver, and egg yolk. With the help of the azidosphingo-sine glycosylation it has been synthesized very efficiently from the neuraminic acid-containing galactosyl donor 11a-/ (Table XI) (120-122). Similarly the thio isomer was obtained from lib-/ and (120,123) the positional isomer from llc-a. 

Among the important glycolipids, which are combinations of carbohydrate and lipid, are the cerebrosides and gangliosides. These are constituents of brain and nervous tissue and are usually considered with lipids because they are water-insoluble. Water-soluble polymers of high relative molecular mass containing lipid and carbohydrate, known as lipopolysaccharides, are found in bacterial cell walls. 

Included among drugs that alter the permeability of the membrane are phosphatidylserine, S-adenosylmethionine, and ganglioside extracts. Phosphatidylserine, produced from purified extracts of bovine brain cortex, alters the permeability and functionality of the neuronal membrane. A study... 

Synthesis of sialic acid in the nervous system also exhibits a unique, control mechanism that may be delineated from the observation of an increased formation of sialic acid (ganglioside) in rat brain during training.242... 

Sialosyllactosylceramide (GM3) is one of the major gangliosicles found in visceral organs. However, in the central nervous system, the concentration of this ganglioside is so low that it can only be considered to be the precursor for various complex gangliosides. A sialosyl-transferase that catalyzes the transfer of sialic acid from CMP-NeuAc to lactosylceramide was first described in the embryonic chicken-brain by Basu107 and Kaufman and coworkers,108 and in the brain of... 

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