Of dicotyledonous plants

The seeds of dicotyledonous plants have two cotyledons, or seed leaves, which are part of the embryo. The cotyledons usually are the main storage tissue, although in some plants (such as castor bean) the endosperm also has a storage function. During development in the field, seeds gradually accumulate storage oils, proteins and carbohydrates (Table 3.1). In the seed, the cotyledon structure is relatively simple. The remainder of the embryo, the embryonic axis, consists mostly of undifferentiated cells, but provascular tissue can be detected that develops into vascular tissue in the seedling. 

Fluorides are readily translocated to the tip and margin of leaves in the transpiration stream. If atmospheric levels of HF are low enough, the intercostal injury will not develop, and the fluoride concentration will increase at the periphery of the leaf. Acute fluoride intoxication at the margin of dicotyledonous plants, according to Solberg et al. (18), is first characterized by a collapse of the spongy mesophyll and lower epidermis, followed by distortion and disruption of the chloroplasts of the palisade cells, and finally, distortion and collapse of the upper epidermis. The injured area soon turns brown during hot, dry weather, but this symptom may be delayed if the weather is cool and damp. 

The mint family (Labiatae or Lamiaceae) is a large group of dicotyledonous plants occurring worldwide in all types of climates except in extreme arctic and antarctic conditions. There are about 3,000 species in the mint family and 200 genera. The most diverse groups are the genus Salvia with 500 species, Hyptis with 350 species, and Scutellaria, Coleus, Plectranthus, and Stachys, each with 200 species. 

A division of dicotyledonous plants in which the flowers possess both calyx and corolla, the latter with petals more or less united into one piece. 

Sullivan RF, Bills GF, Hywel-Jones NL, White JF Jr. Hyperdermium a new clavicipitalean genus for some tropical epibionts of dicotyledonous plants. Mycologia 92 908-918, 2000. 

The primary cell wall of dicotyledonous plants consists of cellulose microfibrils dispersed within a matrix of predominantly non-cellulosic polysaccharides, including xyloglucans and pectic polysaccharides. The xyloglucans are neutral polysaccharides which bind to the cellulose microfibrils through secondary interactions, and have the ability to crosslink the fibrillar cellulose network. This fibrillar network is then dispersed in a network of the pectic polysaccharides.1 The pectic polysaccharide network also forms the middle lamella in dicotyledons and is responsible for cell-cell adhesion. 

Xyloglucans are the predominant hemicelluloses in the primary walls of edible vegetables and fruits of dicotyledonous plants. They are formed in the Golgi apparatus and secreted into the cell wall... 

This chapter is concerned with describing methods involved in production and characterization of transformed root cultures from alkaloid-synthesizing dicotyledonous plant species. It should be noted that a large number of secondary metabolites which are not classed as alkaloids have been reported to be produced by transformed root cultures (reviewed by Hamill and Rhodes 1993). Thus the technology is apparently applicable to production of any secondary metabolite produced by roots of dicotyledonous plants. A list of alkaloids reported to be produced by transformed root cultures is presented in Table 1. 

Plant hemoglobin is known to occur in eight families of dicotyledonous plants. These families, the Betulaceae, Casu-... 

Glucosinolates were found in a limited number of families of dicotyledonous plants (e.g., Cruciferae, Capparaceae, Resedaceae and Tropaeolaceae). 

Cytokinin stimulates cell expansion in cotyledons of a variety of dicotyledonous plants, whether grown in light or darkness (Narain and Laloraya 1974). Cyto-kinins also enhance expansion in young bean leaves (Leopold and Kawase 1964) and in other leaf types (Letham 1969), and the increased expansion occurs... 

A hitherto unobserved component of the primary cell walls of dicotyledonous plants, rhamnogalacturonan II, has been isolated and partially characterized. It is a very complex polysaccharide containing residues of ten different monosaccharides including o-apiose, 2-O-methyl-D-xylose, and 2-O-methyl-L-fucose. The polysaccharide, which accounts for 3—4% of the primary cell walls of suspension-cultured sycamore cells, is also characterized by the presence of 2-linked D-glucosyluronic acid, 3,4-linked L-fucosyl, and 3-linked L-rhamnosyl residues. These linkages have not previously been detected in polysaccharides of sycamore primary cell walls. Evidence was also presented that similar polysaccharides are present in the primary cell walls of pea, pinto bean, and tomato. 

Nature in its abundance offers us a lot of material that can be called fibrous fibres are found in plant leaves, fraits, seed covers and stalk. Fibres from these plants can be considered to be totally renewable and biodegradable. Bast fibres are soft, woody fibres obtained from stems of dicotyledonous plants (flowering plants with net-veined leaves). Such fibres, usually characterized by fineness and flexibility, are also known as soft fibres, distinguishing them from the coarser, less flexible fibres of the leaf, or hard , fibre group. This chapter will discuss bast fibres from flax, hemp, jute, ramie, kenaf and abaca. 

In order to make sure the weed spectrum of cyclic phosphonates IVC-IVE, seven cyclic phosphonates were chosen to test at 150 and 75 g ai/ha for postemergence herbicidal activity against twenty-one species of dicotyledonous plants including fourteen species of weeds and seven species of crops. 

IC-22 (HW02, clacyfos), IG-21 (HWS) and their sodium salts were demonstrated to be effective inhibitors against plant PDHc. IC-22 and IG-21 exhibited potent selective inhibition against dicot PDHc, but lower inhibitory potency against monocotyledonous rice PDHc. It showed that both compounds could selectively inhibit the growth of dicotyledonous plants due to their selective inhibition against dicot PDHc El. 

Plant cell walls are of two general types primary cell walls and secondary cell walls. Primary cell walls are laid down by undifferentiated cells that are still growing and it is these primary walls that control cell growth. Secondary walls are derived from primary cell walls by cells which have stopped growing and are differentiating. This review is concerned with the structure of primary cell walls and will be limited to a consideration of the primary cell walls of dicotyledonous plants. The primary cell walls of dicots differ, at least to some degree, from the primary cell walls of monocots and from the cell walls of lower plants (3, 107). 

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