2-octanol nitrate

The oxidation of octanol with HN03 under sonication was studied by a group in Nanjing [58], It was found that sonication for 5 min at 0 °C resulted in 84% capric acid but, in the absence of sonication, even after a reaction time of 2 h only 10% octanol nitrate and no capric acid was obtained. This is another example which shows that ultrasound can change the established chemical reaction route. 

The reaction between 60% HNO3, octanol, and 3-bromo-2,3-dimethyl propanol proceeds slowly under mechanical stirring at room temperature and gives quantitative yields of the nitrate only after 12 hours. By contrast ultra-sonochemistry (u/s) gives quantitative yields of carboxylic acids in just 20 minutes at room temperature (Pestman et al., 1994). 

Ghosh [548] used cellulose nitrate microporous filters (500 pm thick) as scaffold material to deposit octanol into the pores and then under controlled pressure conditions, displace some of the oil in the pores with water, creating a membrane with parallel oil and water pathways. This was thought to serve as a possible model for some of the properties of the outermost layer of skin, the stratum comeum. The relative proportions of the two types of channel could be controlled, and the properties of 5-10% water pore content were studied. Ibuprofen (lipophilic) and antipyr-ine (hydrophilic) were model drugs used. When the filter was filled entirely with water, the measured permeability of antipyrine was 69 (in 10 6 cm/s) when 90% of the pores were filled with octanol, the permeability decreased to 33 95% octanol content further decreased permeability to 23, and fully octanol-filled filters indicated 0.9 as the permeability. 

Treves, K., Shragina, L., Rudich, Y. (2001) Measurement of octanol-air partition coefficients using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) - application to hydroxy alkyl nitrates. Atmos. Environ. 35, 5843-5854. 

By esterifying (+)2-octanol using a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acid, it was established that the nitrate produced did not undergo inversion. The (+)2-octyl nitrate obtained was heated during a period of 50 hr in a 10% alcoholic solution of sodium hydroxide. The optical rotation of all the reaction products was nil. Analysis by means of Grignard s reagent indicated 45.6% of 2-octanol, 39.8% of ketone and 14.6% of ether (by difference). A sample of the alcohol contained 76% of (+)2-octanol and 24% of racemate, i.e. 88% of (+)2-octanol and 12% of (—)2-octa-nol. 

The experiment of hydrolysing 2-octyl nitrate in a dioxane solution has been carried out with a laevo-rotatory ester. In the reaction products 2-octanol forms as the main product with some 2-octanone and a little unchanged 2-octyl nitrate. The rotation of the reaction product amounted to —3.77°, and the alcohol consisted of a mixture containing 42% of (-)2-octanol and 58% of racemate, i.e. 71% (-)2-octanol and 29% (+)2-octanol. 

By hydrolysis of a dextro-rotatory 2-octyl nitrate in a neutral medium, this compound has been decomposed to yield a laevo-rotatory product containing 13% of 2-octanone and 87% of 2-octanol, the latter comprising 71% of (-)2-octanol and 29% racemate, i.e. 85.5 parts of laevo-rotatory and 14.5 parts of dextro-rotatory alcohol. 

According to Merrow and van Dolah [51] (+)2-octyl nitrate reacts with hydrazine at room temperature to yield 84% (+)2-octanol, whilst by the reaction of the laevo-rotatory nitrate and ammonium polysulphide as much as 99 parts of (-)2-octanol are produced. The fact that to a large extent the original rotation was preserved indicates that in the cases cited the initial step was rupture of the N—O bond. 

Another subtle case, where specific interactions may obscure the effects of Coulombic criticality, is ethylammonium nitrate (EtNH3N03) +l-octanol (Tcs315K) [85], In contrast to all other known examples, the critical point is located in the salt-rich regime at a critical mole fraction of Xc = 0.77. Electrical conductance data indicate strong ion pairing, presumably caused by a hydrogen bond between the cation and anion which stabilizes the pairs in excess to what is expected from the Coulombic interactions [85]. This warns that, beyond the Coulombic/solvophobic dichotomy widely discussed in the literature, additional mechanisms may affect the phase separation [5]. 

An initial experiment involving the treatment of small irradiated Pu/Al targets for the production of americium 243 and curium 244 was carried out in France in 1968 (2). The chemical process was based essentially on the use of a system comparable to the Talspeak system. After plutonium extraction by a 0.08 M trilaurylammonium nitrate solution in dodecane containing 3 vol % 2-octanol, the actinides (americium, curium) were coextracted with a fraction of the lanthanides by a 0.25 M HDEHP -dodecane solvent from an aqueous solution previously neutralized by A1(N0 ) x(0H)x and adjusted to 0.04 M DTPA. The actinides were selectively stripped by placing the organic phase in contact with an aqueous solution of the composition 3 M LiN0 -0.05 M DTPA. While this experiment achieved the recovery of 150 mg of americium 243 and 15 mg of curium 244 with good yields, the process presented a drawback due to the slow extraction of Al(III) which saturates the HDEHP. This process was therefore abandoned. 

Th02 shows catalytic behavior similar to Z1O2. The selectivity of Th02 (prepared by hydrolysis of the nitrate) for the formation of 1-octene from 2-octanol is very high (99%). ... 

Fig. 2 Coexistence curves of the systems tetrabutylammonium picrate + tridecanol and ethylammonium nitrate + octanol. x, is the mole fiaction of the salt.

Emitted ethene is distributed primarily into the atmosphere and reacts with photochemically reactive hydroxyl radicals, ozone, and nitrate radicals, with half-lives ranging from 1.9, 6.5, and 190 days, respectively. Biodegradation in water occurs with half-lives in the range of 1-28 days, or under anaerobic conditions, 3-112 days. Bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms is not expected to occur, based on ethene s high vapor pressure and log octanol/wa-ter partition coefficient. 

Heimburg, T., Mirzaev, S.Z., and Kaatze, U. Heat capacity behavior in the critical region of the ionic binary mixture ethylammonium nitrate - n-octanol. Phys. Rev. E, 2000, 62, p. 4963-76. 

Dinitrogen pentoxide (generated by mixing streams of dinitrogen tetroxide and ozonized oxygen) allowed to react countercurrently with 1-octanol, which is added dropwise at the top of a glass-spiraled reaction column, then quenched immediately with water -> octyl nitrate (Conversion 93%) added to hexamethyl-phosphoramide followed by Na-nitrite and ethyl malonate as nitrous acid scavenger, then stirred 1 hr. at 45° 1-nitrooctane (Y 95% conversion 41%). F. e. s. G. B. Bachman and N. W. Connon, J. Org. Chem. 34, 4121 (1969). 

CiC imPp6 n = A, 6, 8) (Pig. 6). It was also quoted that the acid dependencies of Dsi in CiC2imTf2N using HCl or H2SO4 differ little from the one observed with HNO3 (Dietz and Dzielawa, 2001). Finally, EXAFS data acquired in several extracted IL phases (CiC imTf2N, n = 5,6, 8, 10) could not evidence any nitrate ions in the first Sr " " coordination sphere, while two nitrates are detected in 1-octanol extraction phase (Dietz et al., 2003). Unfortunately, no indication on the nitric acid concentration at which the EXAFS data have been recorded is given in this paper. 

In the next paper (Jensen et al., 2002), EXAFS data were performed for one IL and 1-octanol, demonstrating that two nitrate ions are present in the Sr first coordination sphere when 1-octanol is the solvent, while no nitrate can be detected in the first coordination sphere when CiC5imTf2N is the solvent. However, the authors noted that it does not prove unambiguously that nitrate ions are not coextracted with because EXAFS cannot detect NO3 in an outer-sphere complex. This is perfectly right, but we would like to stress that it does not prove either that nitrates are coextracted with in an outer-sphere complex. In fact, in this case, EXAFS does not help identifying the extracted species. Consequently, Dietz and coworkers performed nitrate titration of the IL phase and wrote that the amounts of anion coextracted into the IL are vastly insufficient to produce neutral Sr complexes, so they concluded that the phase transfer reaction proceeds primarily through cation exchange as described by Eq. (17). As can be clearly seen, this model is identical to the IX model. 

Antimony trioxide Barium carbonate Barium nitrate Bismuth oxide Cerium oxide Cobalt Copper nitrate (ic) Coumarone/indene resin Feldspar Lead oxide, yellow Molybdenum trioxide 2-Octanol Potassium carbonate Sulfur Zirconium silicate enamels, automotive Urea-formaldehyde resin enamels, baking Gilsonite... 

Thorium, bismuth and polonium can be quantitatively separated from lead.(and radium) by extraction from a saturated aluminum nitrate solution with-mesityl oxide (M3)i Thallium can be separated by extraction of thallium III into a solution of 5% n-octanol In hexone from 0.15 M hydrochloric acid (L2). 

Any of these solution products can react with chemical species already present in the water, such as humic substances, metals, and metal complexes. As for the rest of the dissolved ammonia, while some will bind to sediments, suspended partieles, and organic matter available in the water, most will undergo nitrification by the Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter bacteria species to yield nitrates that can be uptaken by aquatic plants and organisms. Many algae and phytoplankton have been found to utilize ammonia direetly as their source of nitrogen. Because of its low octanol/water partition coefficient, ammonia is not expected to adsorb strongly to sediments. 

Sonochemical switching was observed in the oxidation of primary alcohols with concentrated nitric acid (Fig. 36). Stirring of a solution of n-octanol and 60% nitric acid at room temperature produces a slow esterification reaction providing the nitrate quantitatively.Under sonication, the mixture immediately turns yellow green and gives octanoic acid in 100% yield. 

The most extensively studied PIL is definitely ethylammonium nitrate (BAN). The interest in this salt has been largely driven by its many similarities in properties and behavior to water. These are discussed below, along with the behavior of surfactants in BAN—water solutions and the critical behavior of binary BAN and n-octanol solutions. The nse of a greater range of PILs as self-assembly media is discussed in section 5. 

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