Ocean Spray

Corrosion Resistance. Titanium is immune to corrosion in all naturally occurring environments. It does not corrode in air, even if polluted or moist with ocean spray. It does not corrode in soil and even the deep salt-mine-type environments where nuclear waste might be buried. It does not corrode in any naturally occurring water and most industrial wastewater streams. For these reasons, titanium has been termed the metal for the earth, and 20—30% of consumption is used in corrosion-resistance appHcations (see Corrosion and corrosion inhibitors). 

The cosmopolitan was a kind of fast debutante that showed up in the 1980s and 1990s—the Cornelia Guest of cocktails. Many people claimed it, like dates who had been dumped at a club. (Ocean Spray, the cranberry juice bottler, already had on the books a very similar drink, the Harpoon. What s in a name —celebrity, or nothing.)... 

Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc., One Ocean Spray Drive, Lakeville-Middleboro, MA 02349... 

National Research Council of Canada, 105 Ocean Spray Cranberries, 76 Ochanomizu University, 49... 

Ocean spray, volcanic activity, and windblown soil and dust are the major natural sources of environmentally important metals, including... 

In addition to gases, the troposphere contains solids in the form of dust, salts, and ice. Dust—tiny particles from Earth s surface, ash, soot, and plant pollen—enters the atmosphere when it is lifted from Earth s surface and carried by wind. The dust particles can cause sunsets to show spectacular colors, as you can see in Figure 26-2. Salts are picked up from ocean spray. Ice is present in the form of snowflakes and hailstones. The troposphere also contains liquids, the most common of which is water in the form of droplets found in clouds. Water is the only substance that exists as a solid, liquid, and gas in Earth s atmosphere. 

Ocean Spray Cranberry Juice Cocktail is 27% cranberry juice. It contains filtered water, high fructose corn syrup, cranberry juice concentrate, and ascorbic acid. 

Another natural source of pollution is ocean sprays. Sprays of salt from the oceans and seas are transferred to the atmosphere by evaporation and winds. Evaporation is another significant source of natural air pollution. Numerous major gases are transferred to the atmosphere via evaporation from water bodies with large surface areas, such as oceans. In the development phase of the plankton, oceans become the sources of CO2 emission. Furthermore, forests release hydrocarbons by photochemical reactions. 

Financial support was provided through USDA-CSREES-NRI Award 2002-353030-12297. 90MX spray-dried cranberry juice powder was provided by Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc. 

Cranberry seeds were obtained from Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc. (Lakeville-Middleboro, MA) and stored in polyethylene containers at 10°C. The seeds were freshly ground prior to each extraction. HPLC grade methanol, water, and toluene were obtained from Burdick Jackson Laboratories, Inc. (Muskegon, MI), acetyl chloride was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, WI), and sodium carbonate and Ottawa Sand Standard (20-30 mesh) were obtained from Fischer Scientific (Houston, TX). The internal standard, Cn triglyceride (triundecanoin), was obtained from Nu-Check Prep, Inc. (Elysian, MN). CO2 (SFC/SFE grade) with helium headspace was supplied by Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (Allentown, PA). 

Sources Combustion (coal, oil, gasoline, diesel, wood) Gas-to-particle conversion of NO, S03, and VOCs Smelters, mills, etc. Resuspension of industrial dust and soil Suspension of soil (farming, mining, unpaved roads) Biological sources Construction/demolition Ocean spray... 

Also, corrosion on galvanized steel poles and fences in the coastal area of Simonstown and Muizenberg (Indian Ocean, Cape Province) is pronounced. At a distance of 10-20 m from the ocean spray, severe corrosion occurs after 3-5 years. Only duplex systems offer sufficiently long protection against rust. Unprotected steel is perforated within only a few years, but this knowledge led to successful trials of galvanized rails for the railway track. 

The DPPH assay (5) was used to evaluate the free-radical-scavenging capacity of extracts prepared by the methods outlined above, whole berry extract and commercial cranberry juice cocktail (Ocean Spray Inc.). Activity was compared to that of a standard antioxidant (Vitamin E, Aldrich Chemical Co.) measured using the same methods. Varying concentrations of cranberry extracts were mixed with a 60 pM solution of DPPH in methanol. Quenching of the violet DPPH radical was observed as a decrease in absorbance at 515 nm over one hour. EC50 values are measured as the sample concentration required to decrease DPPH absorption by 50%. Results are shown in Table I. The DPPH assay was also used to evaluate the extracts of peel, solids and juice EC50 values are reported in Table V. 

Ocean spray cranberry juice cocktail, lyophilized ... 

Atmospheric corrosion can be defined as the corrosion of materials exposed to air and its pollutants, rather than immersed in a hquid. Atmospheric corrosion can further be classified into dry, damp, and wet categories. This chapter deals only with the damp and wet cases, which are respectively associated with corrosion in the presence of microscopic electrolyte (or moisture ) films and visible electrolyte layers on the surface. The damp moisture films are created at a certain critical humidity level (largely by the adsorption of water molecules), while the wet films are associated with dew, ocean spray, rainwater, and other forms of water splashing. 

The time of wetness is obviously strongly dependent on the critical relative humidity. Apart from the primary critical humidity, associated with clean surfaces, secondary and even tertiary critical humidity levels may be created by hygroscopic corrosion products and capillary condensation of moisture in corrosion products, respectively. A capillary condensation mechanism may also account for electrolyte formation in microscopic surface cracks and the metal surface-dust particle interface. Other sources of surface electrolyte include chemical condensation (by chlorides, sulfates, and carbonates), adsorbed molecular water layers, and direct moisture precipitation (ocean spray, dew, rain). The effects of rain on atmospheric corrosion damage are somewhat ambiguous. While providing electrolyte for corrosion reactions, rain can act in a beneficial manner by washing away or diluting harmful corrosive surface species. 

Inorganic and organic aerosols that are directly emitted into the atmosphere are known as primary aerosols, for example, aerosols from ocean spray, volcanic eruptions or combustion. Those aerosols that are formed in the atmosphere through a sequence of chemical reactions are referred to as secondary aerosols, and they account for a major component of tropospheric particulates. 

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