Observational studies stroke

Grover SA, Lowensteyn I, Esrey KL et al. (1995). Do doctors accurately assess coronary risk in their patients Preliminary results of the coronary health assessment study. British Medical Journal 310 975-978 Hackett ML, Anderson CS (2005). Predictors of depression after stroke a systematic review of observational studies. Stroke 36 2296-2301 Harrell FE Jr., Lee KL, Califf RM et al. (1984). Regression modelling strategies for improved prognostic prediction. Statistics in Medicine 3 143-152... 

Hackett ML, Anderson CS (2005). Predictors of depression after stroke a systematic review of observational studies. Stroke 36 2296-2301... 

Carotenoids and cardiovascular diseases — Numerous epidemiological studies aimed to study the relationship of carotenoids and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) including coronary accident risk and stroke. It appeared then that observational studies, namely prospective and case-control studies, pointed to a protective effect of carotenoids on myocardial infarct and stroke, but also on some atherosclerosis markers such as intima media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery (CCA) and atheromatous plaque formation. 

M. Etminan, B. Takkouche, F. C. Isoma and A. Samii, Risk of ischemic stroke in people with migraine systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BM, 2005, 330,63-66. 

The reduction in stroke observed in long-term statin trials despite the lack of association between cholesterol levels and stroke in most epidemiological and observational studies. 

A systematic review of 35 observational studies indicated that heavy (> 5 units/day) alcohol consumption increases the relative risk of stroke by 1.6 (95% confidence interval [Cl], 1.4-1.9) particularly hemorrhagic stroke (relative risk, 2.18 95% Cl, 1.5-3.2) (Reynolds... 

Communities (ARIC) Study. Journal of the American Medical Association 279 119-124 Huxley R, Lewington S, Clarke R (2002). Cholesterol, coronary heart disease and stroke a review of puhhshed evidence from observational studies and randomized controlled trials. Seminars in Vascular Medicine 2 315-323... 

MacMahon S, Peto R, Cutler J et al. (1990). Blood pressure, stroke and coronary heart disease. Part 1. Prolonged differences in blood pressure prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet 335 765-774... 

A total of 60 eligible papers were identified 22 were observational studies of patients receiving specific treatment 32 were observational studies, not based on specific treatments 6 were randomized controlled trials. No studies adhered to all six methodological principles. When the principles were relaxed to include only an inception cohort with adequate reporting and analysis of censored patients and appropriate endpoints, only two reports met these criteria, both from the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project (OCSP 184 patients, follow-up over 3.7 years) (Dennis et al. 1989, 1990). 

A systematic review of observational studies of post-stroke depression produced an estimated overall prevalence of 33% among all stroke survivors (Hackett et al. 2005). Predictors of depression include severity of stroke and cognitive impairment (Hackett and Andersen 2005). It has been postulated that left-sided brain lesions are more likely to cause depression, but this remains unproven (Bhogal et al. 2004). Mood disorder may impede rehabilitation and contribute to disability and handicap but usually improves with time. Treatment includes support and counseling and antidepressants. 

N. Kostulas, S. H. Pelidou, P. Kivisakk, and V. Kostulas, Increased IL-l p, IL-8, and IL-l7 mRNA Expression in Blood Mononuclear Cells Observed in a Prospective Ischemic Stroke Study, Stroke 30 (1999)2174-2179. 

James P, EUis CJ, Whitlock RM, McNeil AR, Henley J, Anderson NE. Relation between troponin T concentration and mortality m patients presenting with an acute stroke observational study. Brit Med J 2000 320 1502-4. 

Observational studies have indicated that cardiovascular disease occurs at an early stage m CKD. Thus among middle-aged men, a moderate increase in plasma creatinine concentration [>1.5mg/dL (>130pmol/L)] was associated with an age-adjusted relative risk of 1.5 for coronary disease and 3.0 for stroke. Reduction of GFR is associated with increased risk of composite end-points of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and strokeMicroalbuminuria and proteinuria have also been shown to be associated... 

Indomethacin also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and depresses the biosynthesis of mucopolysaccharides. It also may have a direct, cyclooxygenase-independent vasoconstrictor effect. Observational studies have raised the possibility that indomethacin may increase the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke, but controlled clinical trials to address this hypothesis have not been performed. 

One of the largest and most recent observational studies of Afib is the ATRIA-1 cohort study at Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC). This cohort comprised 13,559 individuals who were members of KPNC with a diagnosis of Afib during years 1996-2003. These individuals were followed longitudinally for comorbidities, lab values, warfarin treatment, and stroke and death outcomes. The effectiveness of warfarin in reducing the risk of stroke or death was recently addressed in Brooks et al. (2013). The safety analysis in this chapter focuses on the estimation of the causal effect of warfarin on the probability of nonstroke death within the first year of follow-up. 

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