Causality effects

To establish the required causal effect of production rate on nitrates a year s history was investigated. For various production rate ranges the percentage of nitrate contents of various magnitudes was tabulated as follows ... 

Can a new methodology take into account the causal effects of various mar-kef ing initiatives ... 

Chiang WT, Yang CC, Deng JF, Bullard M. (1998). Cardiac arrhythmia and betel nut chewing—is there a causal effect Vet Hum Toxicol. 40(5) 287-89. 

An inverse correlation of sleep duration with longevity (r = -0.52) was found across 53 mammalian species, albeit these data are open to several interpretations (19). This interspecies comparison supports the hypothesis that long sleep may have an adverse causal effect on mortality, or conversely, that long wake may be life-preserving. 

The causal effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on wine flavor production are well documented. The causal effects of distinct S. cerevisiae strains differentially affecting wine flavor are less well demonstrated. While different strains have been found to differentially affect both volatile and macromolecule composition in actual wine and model solutions, these differences have not been unambiguously shown to carry over to the human perceptual space. Nevertheless, popular opinion regarding yeast strain effects has reached mythic status despite the lack of unequivocal supporting evidence. Recent research has once again focused on direct comparisons of different S. cerevisiae strains it is suggested that the real task should be to determine the intra-strain versus inter-strain sensory variability and the dependence of the intra-strain variability on extrinsic factors. 

Baghkhani L, Jafari M. Cardiovascular adverse reactions associated with guarana is there a causal effect J Herb Pharmacother 2002 2(1) 57-61. 

FIGURE 2.18 Gall bladder volume and plasma CCK after com oil feeding. The gall bladder volume ( ) decreased promptly after com oil feeding. Plasma CCK levels (A) increased from a basal level of 7 pM to about 20 pM with feeding. This result demonstrates an association with contraction of the gall bladder, but does not imply any causal effect. (Redrawn with permission from Shiratori et al, 1986.)... 

P. R. Rosenbaum and D. B. Rubin, The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effect. Biometrika 70 41-45 (1983). 

R. J. Little and D. B. Rubin, Causal effects in clinical and epidemiological studies via potential outcomes concepts and analytical approaches. Anna Rev Public Health 21 121-245 (2000). 

Although it is difficult to assess causal effects at this point in time, there are some findings based on simulation studies and on comparisons between benefit levels and equivalent market wages. 

Manipulated variables and final elements. The manipulated variable, usually flow rate, has a causal effect on a key controlled variable, can be manipulated by an automated final element, provides fast feedback dynamics, has the capacity to compensate for expected disturbances, and can be adjusted without unduly upsetting other parts of the plant. The final element, usually a valve,... 

Rubin DB (19 74) Estimating causal effects of treatment in randomized and nonrandomized studies. Journal of Educational Psychology 66 688-701. 

Goetghebeur E, Molenberghs G, Katz J (1998) Estimating the causal effect of compliance on binary outcome in randomized controlled trials. Statistics in Medicine 17 341-355. 

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