Objects sensitive

A more recent class of criteria to identify runaway conditions is based on the evidence that, close to runaway boundaries, the system behavior becomes highly sensitive to even small changes of the model parameters. Within this class, the generalized criterion of Morbidelli and Varma [14] makes use of the absolute value of the normalized objective sensitivity s of the temperature maximum 7 max to the generic model parameter 0, defined as... 

The criterion locates critical conditions where the values of all objective sensitivities to any model parameter 6 reach a maximum. This is also a necessary condition for runaway, so that fast reactions that do not meet this requirement are not classified by Morbidelli and Varma as proper cases of thermal runaway. 

This approach maximizes the similarities between research and operational situations while lending more objectivity, sensitivity, rehability, and validity to findings that will be incorporated into operational policies. 

To solve this task it is necessary to embed some substances or objects sensitive to external factors such as light or laser irradiation, microwaves alternating mag-... 

The OFG based on the previous rules is "object insensitive" this means that it is not possible to distinguish two locations (e.g. two class attributes) when they belongs to different class instances. An object sensitive OFG might improve the analysis results. It can be built by giving all non-static program locations an object scope instead of a class scope and objects can be identified statically by their allocation points. Thus, in an object sensitive OFG, nonstatic class attributes and methods with their parameters and local variables, are replicated for every statically identified object. 

In the case of the pseudohomogeneous reactor model given by eq. (1), we consider as a model output variable, g, the maximum temperature value along the reactor, v. In this case we talk about a normalized objective sensitivity S(v ), where the model input parameter can be any of the five independent parameters in eq.(l), i.e.

[Pg.446]

Figure 2. Normalized objective sensitivity, S(v ), as a function of the Semenov number, l/ for various input parameters,

In the following, the normalized objective sensitivity S( )of the particle temperature maximum, 6 to the generic model input parameter, [Pg.449]

Figure 3. Normalized objective sensitivity, as a function of the heat of reaction...

For a fixed pressure (P = 6.31 Torr), the criti d coition for ipition can be obtain by plotting the normalized objective sensitivity, S(yy T )of the maximum concentration of the radical H with respect to the initial temperature, "T as a function o T as shown in Fig. 12. 

The isothermal model, constituted by eqs. (16) and (18) alone, does not predict the occurrence of the third explosion limit. In particular, when applying the generalized criterion to this model, it is found that the predicted values of the second explosion limit increase continuously as the initial pressure increases. For values larger than about 100 Torr the curves representing the normalized objective sensitivities become flatter and the maximum tends to vanish. Using the non-isothermal model, given by eqs. (15) to (17), the explosion limits predicted by the... 

Figure 14. Normalized objective sensitivity, S(T T) as a function of the initial pressure, P at V = 750K, [from Wu et al. (1990)].

The parameter fitting showed the importance of sensitivity analysis which will be the next extension of DYNAMITE. Thanks to its features - especially the matrix-structure of the equations - DYNAMITE is well-suited for this extension. In the developement cycle, where minimizing prototyping through reliable calculations is a main objective, sensitivity analysis plays an even more important role than in the analysis of existing mechanisms. 

The sensitivity curves are plots of maximum achieved sensitivity as a function of thickness of the object for a given focal spot size and source to detector distance. The best attainable sensitivity in image intensifier systems is a function of tube voltage, current, scattered radiation and the screen gamma. As a first step, stainless steel plates with thicknesses ranging from 5 mm-30 mm in steps of 5 mm were chosen. These plates had a length of 950 mm and width of 280 mm. The plate is positioned very close and at the center to the LI. tube. The extraneous... 

An X-ray image of a test object is converted by a X-ray TV unit (4), and complete video-signal from it is supplied to specialized computer (5). For conversion of X-ray images series X-ray vidicons LI-444 and LI-473 can be used or experimental X-ray vidicons of the same dimensions with a Be input window [2] sensitive to soft X-radiation developed in Introscopy Institute. >. ... 

Steel was used as the control object. During the experiments radiation energy, steel layer thickness, focal distance, roentgen films, screens were varied. Sensitivity was valued according to wire and groove standards. 

For sensitivity detection the standard defectometers were used. Relative sensitivity comparison at steel objects radiographic control by radiation with energy of 25 and 45 MeV shows that sensitivity minimum for 45 MeV energy is very displaced towards the big thickness and has not yet reached its minimal meaning at 500mm thickness. 

Contrast C is the contrast of the luminances between the object Lo and its surroundings Ls C = (Lo - Ls)/Ls. With increasing contrast, visibility increases Adaptation luminance L,d, is the luminance to which the eye adapts its sensitivity. It corresponds to the luminance of the field of vision. With increasing adaptation luminance, visibility increases. 

With reference to obtained results the high-teeh manual ultrasonic inspection performed by ISONIC system becames competitable with radiography, providing highest sensitivity, low inspection cost, obvious and objective documentation. 

Certain grades of siUca gel or selected clay minerals are often used. The buffeting material is preconditioned under the selected relative humidity and, after equihbration, installed in the case. This method of microclimate control has proven to be very efficient, not only in exhibition cases and storage spaces, but also in packing crates used for the transportation of sensitive objects. 

One method of reducing the exposure for sensitive objects is to exhibit them only for limited periods and to maintain a regular rotation schedule. In Japan, for example, some extremely important paintings can only be seen a few days per year. 

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