Radiation experiment

He Y, Pochert J, Quack M, Ranz R and Seyfang G 1995 Dynamics of unimolecular reactions induced by monochromatic infrared radiation experiment and theory for C F XI—> C F X + I probed with hyperfine-, Doppler- and uncertainty limited time resolution of iodine atom infrared absorption J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Discuss. 102 275-300... 

This research has been supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S), 17106011, 2005. The synchrotron radiation experiments were performed at the BL14B2 in the SPring-8... 

For the quantification of fire propagation behavior of the FRC materials, 0.10 m wide and 0.61 m long vertical sheets with thickness varying from 3 mm to 5 mm were used. The bottom 0.15 m of the sheet was exposed to 50 kW/m2 of external heat flux in the presence of a 0.01 m long pilot flame to initiate fire propagation. For the simulation of large-scale flame radiation, experiments were performed in k0% oxygen concentration. 

Final Report of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments (1995). 

This means that the rate constants derived from ionizing radiation experiments with bulk monomers are not the second-order k+p given by (2.5), but first-order rate constants, pj, given by (3.1). A comparison of these equations shows that the putative k+p reported... 

The second-order rate-constants kp and kA for polymerisations in solution which we consider reliable are summarised in Table 12. The initiators used by the various investigators have not been listed, because by definition kp and Ep must be independent of these and there are insufficient data to permit any firm conclusions about the effects of the nature of the anion on and E. When considering the rate-constants in this Table it must be remembered that all of them, except those for isobutene, probably comprise a contribution from the polymer-complexed cation, p+p, greater or smaller according to circumstances (see Section 2.3), and correspondingly the activation energies would contain a term Ep+P and an enthalpy of complexation further, for the reason explained in Section 4.1.9, the kp from ionising radiation experiments are minimum values. 

DOE, Human Radiation Experiments Associated with the U.S. Department of Energy and Its Predecessors, DOE EH-0491, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C., 1995. 

Thus we calculate the reflectivity of a whole layered material from the bottom up, using the amplitude ratio of the thick crystal as the input to the first lamella, the output of the first as the input to the second, and so on. At the top of the material the amplitude ratio is converted into intensity ratio. This calculation is repeated for each point on the rocking curve, corresponding to different deviations from the Bragg condition. This results in the plane wave reflectivity, appropriate for synchrotron radiation experiments and others with a highly collimated beam from the beam conditioner. 

Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments, Part I, Chapter 3, Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the Nuremberg Code. http // www.eh.doe.gov/ohre/roadmap/ achre/Chap3 4.html. 

Doppler effect A molecule moving toward a source of radiation experiences a higher frequency than one moving away from the source. 

Neutron Irradiation on Military Grade Ammonium Perchlorate , BRL-MR-2448, Ballistic Res Labs, Aberdeen Prov Grnd, Md (1975) (AD-B003210L) 235) C-W. Nelson A.W. Barrows, Short Lived Bum Rate Changes in Neutron Radiation Experiments , BRL-MR-2475, Ibid (1975) (AD-B003940L) 236) P.L. Morgan et al, Biblio-... 

From the studies published, it appears that it may be possible to improve the radio-lytic stability of an extractant system. Of course, it is difficult to obtain a universal proposal, and the various experimental conditions selected to perform the radiation experiments (nature of the diluents, acidity, and the presence of other solutes either in the aqueous or organic phase) have made the comparison of extractants stability difficult. Nevertheless, systematic tendencies have been summarized in the following section, related to the modification of the extractant alone or related to the composition of the solvent (organic phase). 

Brenguier et al. (2003) discussed the ACE-2 CC project, one of the five projects accomplished within the ACE-2 program of the second field experiment on studies of aerosol characteristics with the aim of understanding the indirect climatic impact of aerosol for marine stratocumulus clouds and to substantiate the strategy of closed aerosol-cloud-radiation experiments. Observations within the CC project were made in June-July 1997 in the Canary Islands using instruments onboard three flying laboratories and installed at a surface network. 

Contrarily to the flatness and horizon problem which have a very similar origin, the unwanted relic problem comes from a very different cause. During the expansion, the Universe becomes colder because of the redshift that radiation experiences. It can happen that during this cooling phase, some phase transition occur, during which some stable objects called topological defects are created. 

Recent synchrotron radiation experiments showed that the probability of the energy deposition on the alkane molecules was the highest at about 16 18 eV [95]. With the energies above 16 eV, excited states of alkane radical cations can be produced efficiently. In irradiated cyclohexane, for example, the following reactions were considered to be the formation reactions of alkyl radical. 

Kongmark C, Martis Y, Rubbens A, Pirovano C, Lofberg A, Sankar G, Bordes-Richard E, Vannier R-N, Van Beek W. Elucidating the genesis of Bi2MoC>6 catalyst by combination of synchrotron radiation experiments and Raman scattering. Chemical Communications. 2009 45(32) 4850-4852. 

Table 15 Rate Constants of Cationic Propagation Estimated from y-Radiation Experiments...

As in conventional Mossbauer spectroscopy, Fe is the most widely used isotope in nuclear resonant scattering of synchrotron radiation. Experiments with other... 

Natural and coUisional broadening are homogeneous processes because aU radiators experience the same local effects. These produce, for both gases and Hquids, a Lorentzianline shape, with Av (fwhm) =, where 1 is the effective lifetime of a radiator s unintermpted osciUation period. In gases,... 

MWPC-devices have been used successfully in X-ray diffraction work, in recent years. In synchrotron radiation experiments, however, it will not be so much the detector, but more the read-out electronics which will not be able to deal with the enormous event rates, which are to be expected in two-dimensional patterns. 

The rise-time technique has also been applied to two-dimensional detectors. A spatial resolution of 2 mm by 1 mm FWHM has been reported . As with linear detectors, the count rate capability of this method is lower than with the delay-line read-out, making it less useful for synchrotron radiation experiments. 

A more advanced read-out method, which also depends on segmentation, is the so called centroid finding method Spatial resolutions of the order of 0,1 % have been reported. The method is however quite involved concerning the processing electronics and has been applied only to a neutron detector at present The centroid finding technique is certainly very promising for the application in synchrotron radiation experiments. 

As an exmaple of a data acquisition system for synchrotron radiation experiments, the set up of Fig. 22 will be discussed. 

The counting rates encountered in synchrotron radiation experiments may be high, but not that extreme that single photon counting devices are hopeless. The quality of the data that are recorded, within a given amount of time is what ultimately dictates the choice of a detector system. 

Cellulose can be pyrolysed under well characterised conditions of absorbed heat flux densities by using a concentrated radiation. Experiments have been performed with cellulose pellets submitted to controlled times of irradiation at the focal zone of an image furnace. 

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