Normalized objective sensitivity

A more recent class of criteria to identify runaway conditions is based on the evidence that, close to runaway boundaries, the system behavior becomes highly sensitive to even small changes of the model parameters. Within this class, the generalized criterion of Morbidelli and Varma [14] makes use of the absolute value of the normalized objective sensitivity s of the temperature maximum 7 max to the generic model parameter 0, defined as... 

In the case of the pseudohomogeneous reactor model given by eq. (1), we consider as a model output variable, g, the maximum temperature value along the reactor, v. In this case we talk about a normalized objective sensitivity S(v ), where the model input parameter can be any of the five independent parameters in eq.(l), i.e.

[Pg.446]

Figure 2. Normalized objective sensitivity, S(v ), as a function of the Semenov number, l/ for various input parameters,

In the following, the normalized objective sensitivity S( )of the particle temperature maximum, 6 to the generic model input parameter, [Pg.449]

Figure 3. Normalized objective sensitivity, as a function of the heat of reaction...

For a fixed pressure (P = 6.31 Torr), the criti d coition for ipition can be obtain by plotting the normalized objective sensitivity, S(yy T )of the maximum concentration of the radical H with respect to the initial temperature, "T as a function o T as shown in Fig. 12. 

The isothermal model, constituted by eqs. (16) and (18) alone, does not predict the occurrence of the third explosion limit. In particular, when applying the generalized criterion to this model, it is found that the predicted values of the second explosion limit increase continuously as the initial pressure increases. For values larger than about 100 Torr the curves representing the normalized objective sensitivities become flatter and the maximum tends to vanish. Using the non-isothermal model, given by eqs. (15) to (17), the explosion limits predicted by the... 

Figure 14. Normalized objective sensitivity, S(T T) as a function of the initial pressure, P at V = 750K, [from Wu et al. (1990)].

The life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) is used to assess the results of the LCA and evaluate the impact on the environment in the various impact categories. These impact categories include, for example, human health, GWP, energy, water use, eutrophication, ozone depletion, aquatic toxicity, and land use (ISO, 2006b). LCA may focus on one or more impact categories. The results may be normalized, weighted, and aggregated in optional steps of the LCIA for comparison to political objectives, for example. In addition, sensitivity analyses are often conducted over the entire LCA to evaluate the variation in the results due to selected factors. 

The most difficult materials to study by NMR microscopy are those with short T2 or T2 relaxation times and/or with low concentrations of the nudear spins, which normally result in poor NMR signal intensities. One possibility for improving the image quality is to adapt the shape and size of the rf coils to the size of the objects in order to achieve the best possible filling factor and therefore the best sensitivity [1]. In addition, methods with short echo or detection times have been developed, such... 

Two types of results are obtained from mechanical sensitivity tests (1) no reaction, or (2) decomposition with or without an explosion. The magnitude of friction and the impact sensitivity reported is the smallest load at which a positive result has been noted. The objective of mechanical sensitivity testing is to establish whether or not the substance is sensitive under normal handling conditions. However, this objective may not be reached. The test results may not truly reflect process conditions because most testing is carried out at ambient temperature and pressure. Since results are dependent on the type of test apparatus used, the interpretation of the results for use in practical applications requires much experience in this field of testing. 

A strict definition of color includes (1) the object appearance that depends on light, object, and observer, and (2) the visual perception described with color names. Color is a primary attribute of appearance and it can be quantified. The measurement of color is known as colorimetry. The colorimetric principles associated with the response of the normal eye are important when reviewing color analysis. The eye-brain combination is sensitive, flexible. 

Projected interference fringes (sensitivity direction is normal to object surface and the resolution corresponds to the movement of a surface point from one paraboloid to the adjacent) [38,39]... 

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