Book Objectives

Unfortunately, the picture of entropy as a measure of disorder has been misapplied to simations that are not molecular. For example, imagine your desk with books and papers placed carefully to give an orderly arrangement. Later, as you work, your books and papers become strewn about—your desk becomes disordered. This has sometimes been described as a spontaneous process in which entropy increases. Of course, the books and papers do not move spontaneously—you move them. In fact, there is essentially no difference between the thermodynamic entropies of the ordered and disordered desks. All that has happened is that normal-sized objects (books and papers) have been moved by you from human-defined order to human-defined disorder. 

The objective of this book is to provide a comprehensive introduction to the upstream industry useful for industry professionals who wish to be better informed about the basic methods, concepts and technology used. It is also Intended for readers not directly working in oil and gas companies but who are providing related support services. 

One of the simplest ways to model polymers is as a continuum with various properties. These types of calculations are usually done by engineers for determining the stress and strain on an object made of that material. This is usually a numerical finite element or finite difference calculation, a subject that will not be discussed further in this book. 

In the last section we examined some of the categories into which polymers can be classified. Various aspects of molecular structure were used as the basis for classification in that section. Next we shall consider the chemical reactions that produce the molecules as a basis for classification. The objective of this discussion is simply to provide some orientation and to introduce some typical polymers. For this purpose a number of polymers may be classified as either addition or condensation polymers. Each of these classes of polymers are discussed in detail in Part II of this book, specifically Chaps. 5 and 6 for condensation and addition, respectively. Even though these categories are based on the reactions which produce the polymers, it should not be inferred that only two types of polymerization reactions exist. We have to start somewhere, and these two important categories are the usual place to begin. 

This book was written with the student in mind. Even though student encompasses persons with a wide range of backgrounds, interests, and objectives these are different than the corresponding experiences and needs of researchers. The following features have been included to assist the student ... 

Early scientific studies were ptedominandy aimed at objects often referred to as belonging to the fine arts. Subsequendy, equal importance and effort has been attached to studies of objects of cultural and historical interest, such as archaeological and ethnographic materials, or manuscripts, documents, photographs, and books in archives andUbraries. This article is meant to be inclusive of all such objects as well as of fine arts objects. The term art object when used is an inclusive, generic connotation rather than an exclusive one. 

For different types of collections, this balance is differently defined. For example paper conservation treatments commonly undertaken in the museum conservation laboratory would be impractical in a Hbrary archive having a far greater collection size. The use of treatments for mass paper quantities would be unacceptable in the art museum. Documents in archives and books in Hbraries serve a different goal from art objects in a museum. Their use value Hes primarily in their information rather than in an intrinsic esthetic value. Whereas optimal preservation of that information value requires preservation of the object itself, a copy or even a completely different format could serve the same purpose. 

Clearly, the intended use of a collection item is extremely important to determining the acceptabiHty of a treatment. The degree to which a treatment affects appearance is obviously of the greatest importance for an art object. On the other hand, in natural history collections the collections serve as research resources above all. The effect a preservation or conservation treatment has on these research appHcations is the main consideration. Collections of art, archaeology, history, science, technology, books, archival materials, etc, all have their own values in terms of balance between preservation needs and collections use, and these values are, moreover, constantly subject to reevaluation and change. 

The Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) has identified the need for a publication dealing with process safety issues unique to batch reaction systems. This book, Guidelines for Process Safety in Batch Reaction Systems, attempts to aid in the safe design, operation and maintenance of batch and semi-batch reaction systems. In this book the terms batch and semi-batch are used interchangeably for simplicity. The objectives of the book are to ... 

Source Air Pollution Control Association, "1981-1982 APCA Directory and Resource Book" (special anniversary edition). Adapted from "Air Quality Objectives, Criteria and Regulations in Canada," Pittsburgh, 1981, pp. 160-161. 

Eurthermore, the objective was not to issue a voluminous book but a clearly arranged one outlining the methods of surface and thin film analysis. Eor a deeper under-... 

Servos gives a beautifully clear explanation of the subject-matter of physical chemistry, as Ostwald pursued it. Another excellent recent book on the evolution of physical chemistry, by Laidler (1993) is more guarded in its attempts at definition. He says that it can be defined as that part of chemistry that is done using the methods of physics, or that part of physics that is concerned with chemistry, i.e., with specific chemical substances , and goes on to say that it cannot be precisely defined, but that he can recognise it when he sees it Laidler s attempt at a definition is not entirely satisfactory, since Ostwald s objective was to get away from insights which were specific to individual substances and to attempt to establish laws which were general. 

My principal objective in Section 10.4 has been to underline the necessity for a drastic enhancement of a crucial experimental technology, the production of ultrahigh vacuum, as a precondition for the emergence of a new branch of science, and this enhancement was surveyed in the preceding Section. It would not be appropriate in this book to present a detailed account of surface science as it has developed, so 1 shall restrict myself to a few comments. The field has been neatly subdivided among chemists, physicists and materials scientists it is an ideal specimen of the kind of study which has flourished under the conditions of the interdisciplinary materials laboratories described in Chapter 1. 

Synthesis remains a dynamic and central area of chemistry. There are many new principles, strategies and methods of synthesis waiting to be discovered. If this volume is helpful to our many colleagues in the chemical world in their pursuit of discovery and new knowledge, a major objective of this book will have been met. 

The information in this book is collected from published and unpublished literature. Responsibility for the accuracy of this material is disclaimed, however, responsibility is accepted for the selection, organization, and presentation. The vastness of the information necessitates selectivity in the attempt to make a comprehensive and cohesive presentation. The material is selected to illustrate a procedure or principle not advocacy. Every effort toward objectivity was made to balance human health and safety, environment, economic welfare, and civilization. 

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