Object-oriented programming encapsulation

Looking inside any component, we can identify the same kind of structure again if it s an object-oriented program, the units will be (we hope) neatly encapsulated objects. Each object has a set of tasks it performs and data that it uses to perform these tasks—just as, at... 

Encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism are the most well-known features of object-oriented programming. These features are provided by all object-oriented languages. 

Ada 95 introduced direct support for object-oriented programming encapsulation (as just noted), objects (entities that have state and operations), classes (abstractions of objects), inheritance, polymorphism, and dynamic binding. 

The programming models that underlie Fortran [33] and C [34] are very similar. Both support data structures and encapsulation. C-t-t- [35] is a superset of C that includes support for several advanced object oriented constructions. The ob-... 

The requirement that one must always invoke methods to interact with objects gives rise to a distinctive feature of object-oriented approaches, viz., encapsulation, by which is meant that the state of an object is protected from direct manipulation or scrutiny. This is beneficial in the sense that it allows application developers to ignore the structural detail of the state of objects all they need to know is the behavior of the object, i.e., which methods can be invoked on it. This, in turn, allows the detailed structure of objects to change without necessarily requiring changes in the application programs that use them. 

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