Nut species

Gallic Acid and Ellagic Acid Content of Seed Coat at Maturity from Selected Nut Species Harvested in California in 2003... 

Research on the possible health beneficial factors of various pine nut species has focused on seeds of the more commonly harvested species. However, there is potential for the smaller kernel species to have increased value if they are found to possess novel compounds/activities or larger amounts of known compounds. The available nutraceutical research on pine nut is quite broad, with promising research involving multiple chronic disease states, including hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity. There remains much potential to augment current knowledge of the health beneficial factors in the pine nut in each of these disease states and others. 

Six different A PMI PUFAs have been identified in pine nut as shown in Figure 17.1. Pinolenic acid is the most prevalent A PMI PUFA in most pine nut species, though contents vary greatly across species. Table 17.1 shows the A PMI PUFA composition of selected pine nut species that are most commonly available in the food supply and/or are researched for their health-promoting qualities. A more extensive listing of pine species and their seed fatty acid compositions was done by Wolff etal. [12]. 

The utilisation of major fruit and nut species as food ingredients has been described in many volumes. Many new fruit and nut species are already in international trade, and these new species also contribute to the aesthetic side of the life of the community. Many fruits and nuts have medicinal value. Some of the fruit and nut species that can be used as new ingredients in the food industry are as follows. 

Jojoba is a desert crop that gives a small bean containing about 50% of a wax, a fatty acid ester with a fatty alcohol. The only other large source of such a wax is sperm whale oil, traditionally used in fine lubricants (see Lubrication and lubricants). Because the sperm whale is an endangered species, relatively Httle sperm whale oil is available and there is a large market for a substitute. Jojoba oil has been found to be usable for most of these appHcations. The jojoba oil is obtained by simply pressing the nut followed by conventional refining. Some jojoba oil is used in cosmetics (qv). 

Juglone [481-39-0] (Cl Natural Brown 7 Cl 75500) was isolated from the husks of walnuts in 1856 (50). Juglone belongs to the Juglandaceae family of which there are a number of species Jug/ans cinerea (butter nuts), J. regia (Persian walnuts), and J. nigra (black walnuts). Persian walnuts were known to the ancient Romans who brought them over from Asia Minor to Europe. As early as 1664, the American colonists knew how to extract the brown dye from the nuts of the black walnut and butternut trees, both native to eastern North America (51). 

Cyperus rotundus L. is a weedy species, native to India, but widely distributed in countries on the Pacific Rim and islands in the Pacific Basin. Commonly referred to as purple nut sedge, it has been known in the Hawaiian Islands since the middle of the nineteenth century. In addition to its weedy nature, the taxon has attracted attention because of the antifebrile activity of its rhizomes. Chemical studies have disclosed the presence of several sesquiterpene derivatives, some of which have been implicated in the plant s medicinal use (cyperene and cyperinerol) (Wagner et ah, 1990, p. 1399). Our interest in this species is the existence of several chemotypes with interesting patterns of occurrence involving Pacific Rim countries and several oceanic islands, including the Hawaiian Islands, islands in the southern Pacific, and the Philippines. 

Petnnidin was detected in amounts above 10% of the total anthocyanin content in only 4 of the 44 frnits listed in Table 4.3.1, in 1 of 13 vegetables shown in Table 4.3.3, in 2 kinds of beans and in 1 nut (Table 4.3.4). Petunidin was found in different grape species snch as cv. Cabernet Sauvignon, ° variety Isabelle, " cv. Pallagrello, cv. Piedirosso Vesnvio, " cv. Nerello Mascalese, and cv. Clinton." None of the foods listed in the fonr tables presented petnnidin as the sole aglycone. 

Fagus sylvatica (beech nuts) Mentha species (mints) Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) Laurus nobilis (laurel)... 

Planting native species in the yard to replace turfgrass represents an effort to restore traditional and locally viable ecological communities on a small scale. Such species include not only historic and prehistoric forest species mixes (oak-hickory, and beech-maple for example), but also wddflower meadows, as well as tall and shortgrass prairie. The advantages of such landscapes are that they tend to be low-maintenance, resist weeds, and attract birds and other wildlife. Native landscaping also can be used to produce yards with fmit, nut and berry... 

In this discussion of nucleophilic displacement at a saturated carbon atom, interest has tended to centre on attack by nucleophilic anions Nut , especially OH, on polarised neutral species, especially alkyl halides, HaP . In fact this general type of displacement is extremely common involving, in addition to the above, attack by non-charged nucleophiles Nut on polarised neutral species,... 

Strychnine was used in its impure powder form centuries before it was isolated. The nuts that yielded the seeds were given names such as poison nut or vomit nuts. Natives prepared poison arrows using the seeds and excretions of Strychnos species, and Europeans... 

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