Seeds, fatty acids

Yasui, Y., Hosokawa, M., Sahara, T., Suzuki, R., Ohgiya, S., Kohno, H., Tanaka, T., and Miyashita, K. 2005. Bitter gourd seed fatty acid rich in 9c, lit, 13t conjugated lino-lenic acid induces apoptosis and up regulates the GADD45 P53 and PPAPy in human colon cancer Caco-2 cells. Prostag. Leukotr. Ess., 73, 212-217. 

Qualitative genes affecting the levels of all five of the major seed fatty acids were identified, which has impacted the use of soybean oil for human and industrial purposes. The fatty acid content of normal commodity soybeans is approximately 11% palmitate, 4% stearate, 24% oleate, 54% linoleate, and 7% linolenate (Fehr, 1991). Palmer et al. (2004) discuss all qualitative genes affecting fatty acid composition. 

Katavic, V., D.W. Reed, D.C. Taylor, et al. 1995. Alteration of seed fatty acid composition by an ethyl methanesulfonate-induced mutation in Arabidopsis thaliana affecting diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity. Plant Physiol. 108 399M 09. 

Six different A PMI PUFAs have been identified in pine nut as shown in Figure 17.1. Pinolenic acid is the most prevalent A PMI PUFA in most pine nut species, though contents vary greatly across species. Table 17.1 shows the A PMI PUFA composition of selected pine nut species that are most commonly available in the food supply and/or are researched for their health-promoting qualities. A more extensive listing of pine species and their seed fatty acid compositions was done by Wolff etal. [12]. 

Wolff, R.L., Pedrono, R, Pasquier, E., and Marpeau, A.M., General characteristics of Pinus spp. seed fatty acid compositions, and importance of A5-olefinic acids in the taxonomy and phylogeny of the... 

Bialowas, E., Hreczuch, W., Trathnigg, B., Szymanowski, J. 2003. Static and dynamic surface tension of oxyethylated rape seed fatty acid methyl esters. In Reinventing the Industry Opportunities and Challenges. Cahn A., ed.. Champaign, IL AOCS Press, pp. 166-172. 

Salera and Baldini, 1998). Salunkhe et al. (1992) reported that in HO sunflower seed, fatty acid composition was not affected by climatic conditions. Additionally, in HO mutants the oleic and linoleic acid contents were less influenced by temperature than standard genotypes (Flagella et al., 2000). Lagravere et al. (2000) foimd that the HO hybrids they studied were insensitive to temperature conditions. In contrast, Champolivier and Merrien (1996) suggested that temperature had an effect on oleic acid content in HO sunflower hybrids. 

Ricinoleic acid (D-12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid), is an hydroxylated fatty acid which constitutes 85-90% of the seed fatty acids in castor bean plants (Ricinus communis L). This unusual fatty acid is also one of a series of related Hydroxy Fatty Acids (HFAs) produced in the seeds of Lesquerella species. In these species, which, like A. thaliana and rapeseed belong to the Brassicacae family, ricinoleic acid is generally a minor constituent. Major HFAs include densipolic (12-OH, 18 2 (3,9)), lesquerolic (14-OH, 20 1 (9)) and auricolic (14-OH, 20 2 (3,9)) acids. 

Expression of the L. fendleri gene resulted in accumulation of HFAs in transgenic plants, up to 15% of seed fatty acids, thus establishing the gene encodes L. fendleri hydroxylase LFahl2. 

James, Jr., D.W. and Dooner, H.K. (1990) Isolation of EMS-induced mutants in Arabidopsis altered in seed fatty acid composition. Theor. Appl. Genet. 80, 241-245. 

Cloughley, J.B. (1983) Production of an edible oil from tea seed fatty acid composition, in Tropical Agriculture, Butterworths, Guildford, Vol. 60, pp. 139-140. 

Composition of seed fatty acids showed that linoleic acid (Cl8 2) is the most important one (56%) while oleic acid (C18 1) represented only 16% of total fatty acids. The palmitic acid (C16 0) was the principal saturated one (25%). Sodium cIjIoride action on total fatty acids during seed maturation At earlier stages, 1 and 2 weeks after anthesis, the total lipids level remained lower and relatively stable, but raised from the 3 to the 5th(Fig.1). Beyond 5 weeks, there was not important lipogenesis until bolls dehiscence. Fatty acids variation of salt treated plants ressembled to control one with slight oil synthesis stimulation at 3g/l. However, total lipids level decreased for salt concentration more than 6g/l. 

Barker, G.C., Larson, T.R., Graham, I.A., Lynn, J.R. and King, G.J. 2007. Novel insights into seed fatty acid synthesis and modihcation pathways from genetic diversity and quantitative trait loci analysis of the Brassica C genome. Plant Physiol. 144 1827-1842. 

Buhr, T., Sato, S., Ebrahim, E., Xing, A.Q., Zhou, Y., Mathiesen, M., Schweiger, B., Kinney, A., Staswick, P. and Clemente, T. 2002. Ribozyme termination of RNA transcripts down-regulate seed fatty acid genes in transgenic soybean. Plant J. 30 155—163. 

Table 1. Medium Chaiu Fatty Acids as Percentage of Total Seed Fatty Acids...

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