Nuclear reactors comparison

General In comparison with design information on blowdown drums and cyclone separators, there is very httle information in the open technical hterature on the design of quench tanks in the Chernies industry. What is available deSs with the design of quench tanks (Sso called suppression pools) for condensation of steam or steam-water mixtures from nuclear reactor safety vSves. Information and criteria from quench tanks in the nuclear industry can be used for the design of quench tanks in the chemicS industry. There have been sev-... 

Aybers, N. and others. The Economic Comparison of Nuclear Reactors of 350 and 500 MW(e) for Developing... 

The oil industry has to enrich crude oil with hydrogen to produce lighter petroleum products. Today, the vast majority of hydrogen in refineries is produced by steam methane reforming, this production accounts for approximately 1% ( 0.3 Gt) of the C02 world emissions. For comparison, it is approximately equal to 15% of avoided C02 emissions thanks to the world nuclear reactors fleet. Besides, the tradition Fischer-Tropsch process to produce synfuels has a poor conversion yield and is a large C02 emitter one-third of the resource is used to produce the hydrogen required for the process, when another third is used to produce the energy required for the process. Two-thirds of the carbon resource is therefore converted directly into C02, and not into fuel. 

Spalding DB (1981) IPSA 1981 New Developments and Computed Results. Report HTS/81/2, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London Spalding DB (1985) Computer Simulation of Two-Phase Flows, with Special Reference to Nuclear-Reactor Systems. In Lewis RW, Morgan K, Johnson JA, Smith WR (eds) Computational Techniques in Heat Transfer, pp 1-44 Strang G (1968) On the Construction and Comparison of Difference Schemes. SIAM J Numer Anal 5(3) 506-517... 

To attempt to sort out some of these issues with sourcing native copper, Ron Hancock and colleagues at the SLOWPOKE nuclear reactor facility at the University of Toronto decided to use the multielement capability of neutron-activation analysis. They started with 43 samples from 19 collections of native copper and 23 samples of copper from archaeological contexts but which were believed to be reworked metal of European origin. Eive other samples of copper from artifacts from known contexts but of unknown source were also included. To maximize the possibility that the provenience postulate would be true, they included 27 elements in their analytical procedure and got useful data for 22 of them. They also analyzed 14 subsamples from the same specimen to assess within sample variation and three modem copper samples for comparison. 

Liquid metals are u ed for high-temperature heat transfer, espedally in nuclear reactors. Liquid mercury, sodium, and a mixture of sodium and potassium called NaK are commonly used as carriers of sensible heat. Mercury vapor is also used as a carrier of latent heat. Temperatures of 1500 F and above are obtainable by using such metals. Molten metals have good specific heats, low viscosities, and high thermal conductivities. Their Prandtl numbers are therefore very low in comparison with those of ordinary fluids. 

Fig. 2.2 A comparison of the penetrating powers of a-particfes, P-particles, y-radiation and neutrons. Neutrons are especially penetrating and their use in a nuclear reactor calls for concrete-wall shields of >2m in thickness.

G. B. Melese, Comparison of Partial Roughening of the Surface of Fuel Elements With Other Ways of Improving Performance of Gas-Cooled Nuclear Reactors, General Atomics 4624, GA, San Diego, CA, 1963. 

Some of the most important properties of sodium and lithium for high-temperature nuclear-reactor applications are listed in Table I. Several other popular and potential heat-transfer fluids are shown for comparison purposes. The advantages and disadvantages of various coolants are considered in relation to their application at temperatures in excess of 1200 °F. The undesirable properties of a particular coolant are underlined. Water is not particularly suitable because of its very low boiling point and its poor thermal conductivity. Sodium and the sodium-potassium alloy have properties to which there are no major objections. (Any statement made in this paper concerning the corrosiveness of sodium may be considered as applicable to the sodium-potassium alloys, as differences found... 

EUR (1997) A comparison of Western and Eastern nuclear reactor pressure vessel steels , AMES Report N. 10, EUR 17327 EN, European Commission DG XI/C/2. 

Finally, we recognize that, as with chemical toxicity, we should consider the effects of both acute and chronic exposure. High doses from radioisotopes seem an unlikely event. The nonlaboratory, intentional, and fatal poisoning in 2006 of Alexander Litvinenko, a former member of the Russian Federal Security Service, is an exceptional case shidy, however, where it appears that a tiny dose of 2i0po was used to murder him. Also unlikely, but possible, is a high-level exposure of radiation due to an accident at a nuclear reactor. Table 5.3.8.5 shows the effects of large radiation doses (measured in rem). In comparison. Table 5.3.S.6 shows dose levels (in mrem) for a variety of events, both chronic and acute. 

G. Melese-d Hospital and P. Fortescue, Thermodynamic comparison of gas coolants for nuclear reactors. Paper presented at Inst. Mech. Engineers Conf, London, March 1967. 

The analysis of the data from the Big Bang nucleosynthesis [2], quasar absorption spectra, and the Oklo natural nuclear reactor yields the space-time variation of the constants on the timescale of the lifetime of the Universe, that is, from a few billion to more than ten billion years. In comparison, the frequencies of various atomic and molecular transitions in the laboratory experiments yield a time variation on the timescale from a few months to a few years. There is no model-independent connection between the variations on such different timescales. However, in order to... 

In cases where the heat is generated by combustion, first law efficiencies can also be defined in terms of the heating value of the fuel to account for unbumt fuel. Since, in comparison to the heat produced, relatively little heat is lost to ambient from nuclear reactors, first law reactor efficiencies are close to 100%. However, lowering temperatures associated with the internal heat transfer destroys exergy and reduces second law efficiencies. The exergy destroyed is. 

COMPARISON OF SMALLER NUCLEAR REACTORS FOR INDUSTRIALIZED AND LESS... 

A clear example is the commercial nuclear power industry in the United States. In the 1960s and early 1970s, nuclear power looked like a very promising career and an incredible growth industry. Nuclear power was to be our cheap form of energy. But the industry was stymied by the American public s perception that nuclear power is an unwarranted risk. And the 1979 Three Mile Island nuclear accident sealed its fate. Now commercial nuclear power in the United States is a relatively small industry in comparison to other forms of generating power. And yet, in France, 40% of the electric power is generated by nuclear reactors. 

Actinium and protactinium are decay products of the naturally occurring uranium isotope U and are present in uranium minerals in such low concentration that recovery from natural sources is a very difficult and unrewaidii task. By comparison, it is relatively straightforward to obtain actinium, protactinium, and most of the remaining transuranium elements by neutron irradiation of elements of lower atomic number in nuclear reactors [2-4]. Thus, actinium has been produced in multigram quantities by the transmutation of radium with neutrons produced in a high-flux nuclear reactor ... 

Development of the SI cycle has been pursued by several countries within the framework of the GIF for hydrogen production with the next generation of nuclear reactors. Due to its higher temperature requirements in comparison with other thermochemical cycles, the SI cycle is particularly well matched with the VHTR. 

This chapter compares selected LW and non-LW-SMRs in respect to nuclear reactors, fuels, containment, and ECCS. Even though there is no clear winner in this comparison, the following conclusions are highlighted ... 

The derived correlation can be used for supercritical fluid heat transfer calculations, in circular and other flow geometries, for heat exchangers, steam generators, nuclear reactors and other heat transfer equipment, for future comparison with other datasets, and for verification of computer codes and scaling parameters between water and modeling fluids. This correlation can be also used for supercritical carbon dioxide and other fluids. However, its accuracy might be less in these cases. Some specifics of pressure-drop calculations were also listed in the paper. 

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