Carbon resource

Renewable carbon resources is a misnomer the earth s carbon is in a perpetual state of flux. Carbon is not consumed such that it is no longer available in any form. Reversible and irreversible chemical reactions occur in such a manner that the carbon cycle makes all forms of carbon, including fossil resources, renewable. It is simply a matter of time that makes one carbon from more renewable than another. If it is presumed that replacement does in fact occur, natural processes eventually will replenish depleted petroleum or natural gas deposits in several million years. Eixed carbon-containing materials that renew themselves often enough to make them continuously available in large quantities are needed to maintain and supplement energy suppHes biomass is a principal source of such carbon. 

The percentage of energy demand that could be satisfied by particular nonfossil energy resources can be estimated by examination of the potential amounts of energy and biofuels that can be produced from renewable carbon resources and comparison of these amounts with fossil fuel demands. 

PhungQ.H., Kyuro S., et al. Numerical simulation of C02 enhanced coal bed methane recovery for a Vietnamese coal seam. 2010 Journal of Novel Carbon Resource Science 2 1-7. 

This work was supported by JSPS (Nos. 16109001 and 17689001). M. A. expresses her thanks to the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas, Advanced Molecular Transformation of Carbon Resources from MEXT (No. 18037005). 

Ultimately, we would like to make hydrogen from zero or near-zero carbon sources. There are plentiful near-zero carbon resources for hydrogen production in the United States. For example, a mix of low-carbon resources, including natural gas,... 

Carbon dioxide is one of the most abundant carbon resources on earth. It reacts with an epoxide to give either a cyclic carbonate or a polycarbonate depending on the substrates and reaction conditions. Kinetic resolution of racemic propylene oxide is reported in the formation of both cyclic carbonate and polycarbonate. The fe ei value defined as ln[l-(conversion)(l+%ee)]/ln[l-(conversion)(l% ee)] reached 6.4 or 5.6 by using a Co(OTs)-salen complex with tetrabutylammonium chloride under neat propylene oxide or using a combination of a Co-salen complex and a chiral DMAP derivative in dichloromethane, respectively. 

As an abundant, nontoxic, non-flammable, easily available, and renewable carbon resource, C02 is very attractive as an environmentally friendly feedstock for making commodity chemicals, fuels, and materials [1-7]. In this respect, PEGs-functionalized catalysts have been developed for efficient transformation of C02 into value-added chemicals or fuels such as cyclic carbonates, dimethyl carbonate (DMC), oxazolidinones, organic carbamates and urea derivatives. 

Figure 4 Concept of synergistic electricity generation using carbon resources and nuclear energy...

In principle, this synergistic power generation method can be applied to other carbon resources such as petroleum, coal and biomass, and to other types of fuel cell such as SOFC and PEFC. 

The oil industry has to enrich crude oil with hydrogen to produce lighter petroleum products. Today, the vast majority of hydrogen in refineries is produced by steam methane reforming, this production accounts for approximately 1% ( 0.3 Gt) of the C02 world emissions. For comparison, it is approximately equal to 15% of avoided C02 emissions thanks to the world nuclear reactors fleet. Besides, the tradition Fischer-Tropsch process to produce synfuels has a poor conversion yield and is a large C02 emitter one-third of the resource is used to produce the hydrogen required for the process, when another third is used to produce the energy required for the process. Two-thirds of the carbon resource is therefore converted directly into C02, and not into fuel. 

Various centers of metabolic activity exhibit a high demand for photosynthates such that there is competition within the plant for available resources. Thus, during the development of the plant, at any moment in time, there exists a dominance hierarchy for photosynthates. In the Jerusalem artichoke, photosynthetically fixed carbon resources are allocated among maintenance reactions, production of additional structural components, and deposition within specialized storage sites within the plant. The allocation hierarchy shifts not only as the plant develops, but also in diurnal cycles. Therefore, photosynthate allocation depends upon both timing and assimilate availability. 

Akiyama, M.,Tsuge,T., and Doi, Y. 2003. Environmental life cycle comparison of poly-hydroxyalkanoates produced from renewable carbon resources by bacterial fermentation. Polym. Degrad. Stab., 80,183-194. 

CPJ [Named after the inventor, Pierre Jorgensen] A process for upgrading bitumen and heavy oils into lighter, more easily processed hydrocarbon mixtures. The feed is subject to instantaneous thermal shock by the use of superheated steam. Developed in France and piloted in Canada in 2000 by Carbon Resources Ltd. 

C/N ratio should be investigated over a range of scales to find the cause of ecosystem responses in forest floor processes. The fundamental processes in carbon and nitrogen interaction occur at the interface between the fungal mycelium, the discrete carbon resource unit, and the ambient nitrogen supply. The dynamics of nutrient-responsive foraging might be modelled in terms of these three compartments. 

III. DISTRIBUTION OF RENEWABLE CARBON RESOURCES AND BIOMASS ABUNDANCE... 

III. Distribution of Renewable Carbon Resources and Biomass Abundance... 

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