Nose/mouth only

Nose/mouth only Exposure limited to mouth and respiratory tract Uses less material (efficient) Containment of material Can pulse the exposure Stress to animal Seal about face Effort to expose large number of animals Pressure fluctuations Body temperature Sampling Airlocking Animals comfort Losses in plumbing /masks... 

Many inhalation exposure techniques, such as the whole-body, nose-only, mouth-only, or head-only technique (Drew and Laskin, 1973 MacFarland, 1976 Leong et al., 1981 Phalen, 1984 Nelson, 1980), the intranasal exposure technique (Elliott and DeYoung, 1970 Smith et ah, 1981), the endotracheal nebulization technique (Leong et ah, 1985, 1988 Schreck et ah, 1986), and the body plethysmographic techniques (Alarie, 1966 Thome and Karol, 1989), have been developed for inhalation toxicity studies. Table 10.2 provides a summary of the advantages and disadvantages of each of the major inhalation exposure methodologies. 

Anesthesia of mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, throat, tracheobronchial tree, esophagus, and genitourinary tract can be produced by direct application of aqueous solutions of salts of many local anesthetics or by suspension of the poorly soluble local anesthetics. Tetracaine (2%), lido-caine (2—10%), and cocaine (1-4%) typically are used. Cocaine is used only in the nose, nasopharynx, mouth, throat, and ear, where it uniquely produces vasoconstriction as well as anesthesia. 

Two bloodshot, docile eyes looked out at her from holes in the package smothering his face. "Who are you " he datavised. There was no opening in the package for his mouth, only a ventlike aperture over his nose. 

Whereas half masks enclose mouth, nose, and chin, quarter masks protect nose and mouth only. Filters with a weight of above 300 g must not be fitted directly on the mask in such a case mask and filter must be separate and connected by a hose. The requirements for half and quarter masks can be taken from EN 140 [6-67]. Half masks can be used together with cartridges having a screw thread and filters to be inserted (plug-in filters). Figure 6.29 shows both types. 

Respiratory absorption of elemental mercury in air (1.0-30.0 xg Hg/m ) by humans ranged from 74 to 100% when inhaled through the nose and exhaled through the mouth for dogs, this value was 25%. However, respiratory absorption in humans was only about 20% when inspiration and expiration was through mouth only. Two human males exposed to radiolabeled methylmercury as CH ° HgCl via inhalation had variable half-life retention times (Tbl/2) of mercury. One subject had a Tbl/2 value of 103 days for the early period of observation (days 1-44 post-administration) and 39 days thereafter the second had a... 

Improvised respiratory protection, such as placing a towel over the mouth and nose, reduces only the inhalation exposure, not the exposure to cloud shine or the exposure to contaminated ground and other surfaces. Since, for most severe accidents, inhalation dose would... 

Analogous events occur in the nose when many odorants interact with the epithelia therein. The odor component is conveyed via the odorant s interaction with molecular receptors on olfactory sensory neurons (first cranial nerve) in the olfactory epithelium [9] irritation is initiated by interactions with receptors or other mechanisms that stimulate the trigeminal (fifth cranial) nerve [10]. The term chemesthesis has been applied to distinguish this sensory experience from olfaction or, in the oral cavity, taste [11,12]. Importantly, chemesthesis is a bodywide experience. It is only on some portions of the head, e.g., eyes, nose, mouth, and some other facial areas, where information is conveyed by the trigeminal nerve (Fig. 1). 

Carbon blaek +5 ppm formaldehyde or 2.5 ppm aerolein CD-I miee Nose and mouth only exposure, 4 hr 10,000 2.45 MMAD Staphylococcus aureus. Listeria monocytogenes 43,44... 

Acetic anhydride penetrates the skin quickly and painfully forming bums and bUsters that are slow to heal. Anhydride is especially dangerous to the deUcate tissues of the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth. The odor threshold is 0.49 mg/m, but the eyes are affected by as Httie as 0.36 mg/m and electroencephalogram patterns are altered by only 0.18 mg/m. When handling acetic anhydride, mbber gloves that are free of pinholes are recommended for the hands, as well as plastic goggles for the eyes, and face-masks to cover the face and ears. 

The so-called El-emission class describes a wood panel presenting formaldehyde emission which is low enough to prevent any danger, irritation or inflammation of the eyes, nose and mouth mucous membranes. However, it is important that not only the boards themselves, but also the veneering and carpenter s adhesive resins, laquers, varnishes and other sources of formaldehyde are under control, since they also might contribute to the mixture steady state formaldehyde concentration [9]. Table 3 gives an overview on some European regulations. However, it is necessary here to introduce the principal types of composite wood products, especially panels, that are produced in this industry ... 

A small residence can even act as a shield. An individual can turn off the air circulation system (or switch it to recirculation mode), and close vents, windows, and doors to create a barrier that will help prevent contaminated smoke or other airborne debris from entering the home. Because a building may not always be nearby in the event of a terrorist attack, shielding could be provided from another object such as a car (with the vents closed), a folded handkerchief over the nose and mouth, or any object that reduces the potential of exposure. The shield does not have to be sophisticated it only needs to be effective. 

For short-term use only not designed to be a filter one hand is always occupied care must be taken to completely cover mouth and nose not effective for removing fine particulates or gases Inexpensive easy to use small enough to carry in small compartments filters dust and particulates some have two straps, an exhaust valve, and reinforced sealing surface... 

Numerous studies have been published on the in vivo metabolism of peptides. However, these studies are concerned mainly with assessment of pharmacokinetic parameters such as half-life and clearance. Only seldom is the in vivo biotransformation of peptides that contain only common amino acids investigated in any detail, due to the difficulty of monitoring products of proteolysis that are identical to endogenous peptides and amino acids. More importantly, such studies fail to yield mechanistic and biochemical insights. For this reason, we begin here with a discussion of the metabolism of just a few peptides in some selected tissues, namely portals of entry (mouth, gastro-intestinal tract, nose, and skin), plasma, organs of elimination (liver, kidney), and pharmacodynamic sites (brain and cerebrospinal fluid). These examples serve as introduction for the presentation in Sect. 6.4.2 of the involvement of individual peptidases in peptide metabolism. 

For external use only Keep tretinoin away from the eyes, mouth, angles of the nose, and mucous membranes. 

Topical retinoic acid is applied initially in a concentration sufficient to induce slight erythema with mild peeling. The concentration or frequency of application may be decreased if too much irritation occurs. Topical retinoic acid should be applied to dry skin only, and care should be taken to avoid contact with the corners of the nose, eyes, mouth, and mucous membranes. During the first 4-6 weeks of therapy, comedones not previously evident may appear and give the impression that the acne has been aggravated by the retinoic acid. However, with continued therapy, the lesions will clear, and in 8-12 weeks optimal clinical improvement should occur. A timed-release formulation of tretinoin containing microspheres (Retin-A Micro) delivers the medication over time and may be less irritating for sensitive patients. 

First a man is to be made of iron, having two noses on his head, Fig. 89, and onhie crown a mouth which may be opened and again close shut. This if it be to be used for the cone, of metals is to be so inserted into another man made of iron or stone, that the inward head only may come forth of the outward man, but the rest of bis body or belly may remain hidden in the belly of the exterior man. And to each nose of the head glass receivers are to be applied to receive the vapours ascending from the hot stomach. When you use this... 

One cannot predict what visions will occur, nor their sequence. One can only urge the participants to shut the mouth, breathe through the nose, and turn off the fidgety, rationalizing mind. But only the experienced person of mystical bent can do this (and thus remain in serene enlightenment). The unprepared person will be confused or, worse, panicky the intellectual struggle to control the ocean. 

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