North America, Europe and Asia

For each type of polymer, there are several possible processing methods from which it will be necessary to choose to best suit the required geometries, production rates, targeted properties and economic context. 

Composite processing uses specialized methods. For thermoplastics, glass mat thermoplastic (GMT) is the main method but prepreg, lay-up, tape winding, pultrusion are also used to produce composites. SMC/BMC are the main processes for thermosets but lay-up is currently used for large parts and prepregs are used for high-tech parts. 

Globalization promotes the transfer of general-purpose thermoplastic processing from Europe or America to Asia. 

The annual growth of composite consumption in industrialized countries is approximately estimated at a few percent. Table 2.11 shows some trends for the USA. 

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The growth rate, 4-7% per year, is greater than that of the plastics industry as a whole. Table 2.6 and Figure 2.4 show the consumption of composites in North America, Europe and Asia. Approximately 31% of composite matrices are thermoplastics, and 69% are... 

Table 2.6 Composite consumption in North America, Europe and Asia...

Published in the Springer Series on Chemical Sensors and Biosensors, the book comprises 19 chapters written by 27 researchers actively working in North America, Europe, and Asia. The authors were requested to adopt a pedagogical tone in order to accommodate the needs of novice researchers such as graduate students and postdoctoral scholars as well as of established researchers seeking new... 

Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) is found in temperate re-giotis of North America. Europe, and Asia. The dried rhizome of valerian contains an unpleasant-smelling volatile oil that is attributed to isovaleric acid. Despite the (xinr. valerian is a safe and effective sleep aid. 

Human activities affect the global phosphorus cycle to an ever-increasing degree. The late of phosphate mining equals or exceeds the rate of phosphate lost naturally from the continents. About 35 x 1010 mol yr-1 are used as phosphate fertilizer, while 6 x 1010 mol yr-1 are used by other industries and in the home. The industrial forms are particularly soluble, so the phosphate in sewer discharge, as well as the lesser-available forms from farm runoff and erosion, is already affecting freshwater and marine ecology in North America, Europe, and Asia. 

Oil of Calamus. Oil of sweet flag. Volatile oil from rhizome of Acorns calamus L., Araceae grown in North America, Europe and Asia. Constit. of Jammu, India variety 0-asarOne 75.8% calamene 3.84% calamo] 3.2% a -asarone 1.32% camphene 0.92% 0 -pinene 0.56% asaronal-dehyde 0.2%, Vashist, Handa, Soap Perfum. Cosmet. 37, 135 (1964). 

In contrast to the above situation, only around 10% of the total sales is made outside Japan in the case of the Japanese companies. Foreign investments by the Japanese chemical companies are gradually increasing as were 910 million dollars in 1987, 1,292 million dollars in 1988 and 2,109 million dollars in 1989. However, we should say that we are still in the very early stage in this direction. An immediate and important task is how to globalize our business in the three major Industrialized regions, namely. North America, Europe and Asia. 

A number of studies have reported PCDD and PCDF levels from sediments in North America, Europe and Asia (Table 2). Generally, the PCDD and PCDF levels in background areas ranged between <0.1 and the safe sediment value estabhshed at 20 pg TEQ/g dw, whereas levels found in polluted areas (i.e., harbours), clearly exceeded the safe value. 

Hybrid materials, containing biodegradable, but nonrenewable, petroleum-based polymers combined with renewable biopolymers (mainly starch), constitute an environmental compromise, but hybrids provide improved physical properties relative to the biopolymers alone they are biodegradable and, in many cases, they are compostable. Hybrids satisfy many of the growing environmental concerns of the major industrialized regions of North America, Europe, and Asia. 

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