Normal Measurement

Normally measured in electron volts or kilojoules per mole. 

A common measurement usehil in predicting threadline behavior is fiber tension, frequentiy misnamed spinline stress. It is normally measured after the crystallization point in the threadline when the steady state is reached and the threadline is no longer deformed. Fiber tension increases as take-up velocity increases (38) and molecular weight increases. Tension decreases as temperature increases (41). Crystallinity increases slightiy as fiber tension is increased (38). At low tension, the birefringence increases as tension is increased, leveling off at a spinline tension of 10 MPa (1450 psi) (38). 

Flow Nozzles. A flow nozzle is a constriction having an eUiptical or nearly eUiptical inlet section that blends into a cylindrical throat section as shown in Figure 8. Nozzle pressure differential is normally measured between taps located 1 pipe diameter upstream and 0.5 pipe diameters downstream of the nozzle inlet face. A nozzle has the approximate discharge coefficient of an equivalent venturi and the pressure drop of an equivalent orifice plate although venturi nozzles, which add a diffuser cone to proprietary nozzle shapes, are available to provide better pressure recovery. 

Determination of the potency of Factor VIII is also difficult. This is normally measured by the abiUty of the sample to correct the clotting time of plasma deficient in Factor VIII. A number of methods and practices have evolved for this purpose (231), but these give very different results, particularly when activation of products may also occur (232). International standards have been used, but further standardization of the analytical method and harmonization of working standards is underway (233,234) under the auspices of the ISTH and the EC. 

The pH is measured using a 4% aqueous solution. Viscosity is normally measured using Brookfield viscometer. Alternatively, a capillary-type viscometer or falling ball such as Hxppler may be employed. The type of viscometer used must always be noted. 

Adsorption of dispersants at the soHd—Hquid interface from solution is normally measured by changes in the concentration of the dispersant after adsorption has occurred, and plotted as an adsorption isotherm. A classification system of adsorption isotherms has been developed to identify the mechanisms that may be operating, such as monolayer vs multilayer adsorption, and chemisorption vs physical adsorption (8). For moderate to high mol wt polymeric dispersants, the low energy (equiUbrium) configurations of the adsorbed layer are typically about 3—30 nm thick. Normally, the adsorption is monolayer, since the thickness of the first layer significantly reduces attraction for a second layer, unless the polymer is very low mol wt or adsorbs by being nearly immiscible with the solvent. 

Guide for measuring earth resistivity, ground impedance and earth stirface potentials of a ground system. Part I Normal measurements... 

Normal measurements of optical activity are concerned with the ability of the optically active substance to rotate the plane of polarization of plane polarized light, its specific optical rotatory power ( ) being given by... 

Vehicle fuel economy is normally measured in miles per gallon. At any given instant, it depends on the energy content of a gallon of fuel (Qf), the vehicle velocity (V.,) and power required (P,-5q), the thermal efficiency with which the engine converts fuel energy into useful output work (rj,.), and the mechanical efficiency with which the driveline delivers that work to the vehicle wheels (r j). Specifically,... 

Viscosity is normally measured at two different temperatures typically 100°F (38°C) and 210°F (99°C). For many FCC feeds, the sample is too thick to flow at 100°F and the sample is heated to about 130°F. The viscosity data at two temperatures are plotted on a viscosity-temperature chart (see Appendix 1), which shows viscosity over a wide temperature range [4]. Viscosity is not a linear function of temperature and the scales on these charts are adjusted to make the relationship linear. 

Martensitic type. Heat-affected zone cracking is likely and may be remedied by employing the normal measures required for the control of hydrogen-induced cracking. 

The concentration of dissolved oxygen in a fermenter is normally measured with a dissolved oxygen electrode, known as a DO probe. There are two types in common use galvanic... 

The fatigue behavior of a material is normally measured in a flexural but also in a tensile mode. Specimens may be deliberately cracked or notched prior to testing, to localize fatigue damage and permit measuring the crack-propagation rate. In constant-deflection amplitude testing a specimen is... 

Electricity is normally measured in units of charge, the coulomb (C), or as rate of electrical current flow, the ampere (A 1 A — 1 C/. ). The total amount of charge is the product of the current flow, symbolized by I, and the time for which this current flows Charge = It Just as molar mass provides the link between mass and moles, the Faraday constant provides the link between charge and moles. The number of moles of electrons transferred in a specific amount of time is the charge in coulombs divided by the charge per mole, F ... 

The STEM Is Ideally suited for the characterization of these materials, because one Is normally measuring high atomic number elements In low atomic number metal oxide matrices, thus facilitating favorable contrast effects for observation of dispersed metal crystallites due to diffraction and elastic scattering of electrons as a function of Z number. The ability to observe and measure areas 2 nm In size In real time makes analysis of many metal particles relatively rapid and convenient. As with all techniques, limitations are encountered. Information such as metal surface areas, oxidation states of elements, chemical reactivity, etc., are often desired. Consequently, additional Input from other characterization techniques should be sought to complement the STEM data. 

Ra is soluble and therefore tends to be released to deep waters when it is formed by °Th decay in marine sediments. Substrates which capture the resulting excess of Ra found in seawater can potentially be dated using the decay of this Ra excess ( Raxs). Unfortunately there is no stable isotope of Ra with which to normalize measured Ra values but the marine chemistry of Ba is sufficiently close to that of Ra that it can be used as a surrogate for a stable Ra isotope and seawater Ra/Ba ratios are constant throughout the oceans, except in the deep North Pacific (Chan et al. 1976). The half life of Ra is only 1600 years so Raxs/Ba chronology is limited to the Holocene but it nevertheless has potential for use in several regions. 

Most physicians do not test for americium in their offices, but they can collect samples and send them to special laboratories. Since americium is radioactive, it is normally measured by its radiation emissions. These emissions are used to tell the amount of americium (in curies or Becquerels) and the radiation dose it gives to your body (in Sieverts or rem). Radiation detectors measure the radiation that is released from objects or materials, including the whole body. If... 

Sensitized emission (/ ), as defined in Eq. (7.8), reliably measures the relative amount of energy transfer occurring in each pixel (Fig. 7.2, lower right panel). Iss is corrected for spectral overlap (i.e., Problem 1 has been taken care of) however, unlike E, it is not a normalized measure for interaction nor is it quantitative in absolute terms. It depends on the specific biological question which of the two yields the most relevant information. 

The second reason is that under normal measurement conditions, the only place where such a high N/S ratio is liable to occur will be at the ends of the spectral range, where... 

The true density of a solid is the average mass per unit volume, exclusive of all voids that are not a fundamental part of the molecular packing arrangement [55]. This density parameter is normally measured by helium pycnometiy, where the volume occupied by a known mass of powder is determined by measuring the volume of gas displaced by the powder. The true density of a solid is an intrinsic property characteristic of the analyte, and it is determined by the composition of the unit cell. 

The quantity of protein present is normally measured by the Kjeldahl method. As wheat endosperm protein is around 17.5% nitrogen a factor of 5.7 is normally used to convert Kjeldahl nitrogen measurements into protein. Tkachuk suggested that 5.7 should be used for whole wheat but 5.6 should be used for flour.24... 

The speed of the drive motor and thus of the dmm is normally measured by a multipolar tachogenerator and controlled to a defined value with the assistance of a microprocessor. 

Further cost reductions are possible if the pressure sensor can be fastened to the vibrating suds container instead of requiring an additional component Pressure sensors normally measure the force exerting pressure on a defined surface. Depending on the principle of the particular pressure sensor, it will require an accelerating mass which, when accelerated, produces an additional force and the resulting acceleration signal. Three possible examples are described below. 

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